Chapter 10 - Fitness Assessment Selection & Administration Flashcards
There is no “one size fits all” _______ or _______ that will suit each client and circumstance.
- test
- battery of assessments
Selecting appropriate physical assessments requires thoughtful consideration of the clients _______, _______, and _______.
- health and exercise history
- personal goals
- the personal trainers own experience and training in conducting various assessments.
Choosing _______ and _______ tests suitable for individual clients and conducting them accurately requires practice on the part of the personal trainer.
- valid
- reliable
The _______, _______, and _______ influence test selection and implementation.
- availability and appropriateness of equipment and facilities
- environmental factors
- the clients pre-assessment preparation
Having determined the assessment protocols, the personal trainer must _______, _______, and _______.
- conduct them accurately
- record and manage the data
- interpret the results
Communicating the results to the client in an _______ that incorporates his or her goals and interests is the “personal” in personal training.
- individualized program
Implementation of the program requires _______ , _______, and_______.
- formative and summative evaluation of the program
- reassessment of the client’s fitness levels and goals
- subsequent adjustments to the program in an ongoing cycle
The purpose of assessments are to _______ and _______.
- gather baseline data for developing goals
- provide a basis for developing effective exercise programs
The process and the data collected assist the trainer in identifying _______ and _______.
- potential areas of injury
- reasonable starting points for recommended intensities and volumes of exercise based on the goals and fitness outcomes
Data collected from assessments provide _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- a baseline for future comparisons of improvement or rate of progress
- identification of current strengths and weaknesses
- assistance in establishing appropriate intensities and volumes of exercise
- assistance in clarification of short-, intermediate-, and long term goals
- identification of areas of potential injury or contraindications
- a record demonstrating prudent judgment and appropriate scope of practice in program design
The _______ may fall within the services typically provided to all clients, may constitute an additional revenue stream for the personal trainer, or may do both.
- assessment process
The personal trainer can use _______ in conjunction with _______ gathered about the client to plan a time-efficient, specific program that will help the client achieve his or her goals.
- physical assessment info
- personal info
Understanding _______ and _______ about the client helps the personal trainer plan sessions that are reasonable in _______, _______, _______, and _______ so that the client is more likely to continue adhering to the program.
- personal characteristics
- lifestyle factors
- length
- frequency
- intensity
- complexity
Developing goals with a client is critical for both _______ and _______.
- program design
- motivation
When possible and appropriate choosing specific tests that are congruent with _______ or _______ may give them a clearer picture of their progress and may be more motivating.
- the clients goals
- preferred mode of exercise
For highly trained clients, choosing an exercise ergometer that _______ leads to a more accurate assessment of their performance.
- matches their mode of exercise
For average, deconditioned clients, the _______ is not as much of a factor in assessing aerobic function.
- type of test
A _______ will usually produce the highest maximal vO2 scores.
- treadmill test
Clients who seldom if ever ride a bike may experience local muscular fatigue and as a result achieve a lower estimated _______ on a bike test compared to a treadmill test.
- vO2 max value
A _______ can be easily repeated on occasion during a walking program; if the client can cover the distance more _______ or _______ with a _______ and _______ the client knows immediately that he or she is making progress.
- timed mile
- quickly
- easily
- lower exercise heart rate
- rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
For clients who are _______ or who _______ that make weight bearing activities painful, the advantages of a non-weight bearing cycle test may override any concerns about slightly lower estimates of maximal oxygen consumption.
- overweight
- lower body joint issues
Since _______ give results independent of body weight, they are more accurate indicators of progress for a person on a weight loss program than is a treadmill test, whose results are directly related to an individuals body weight.
- cycling tests
A primary duty of the personal trainer is to_______.
- facilitate improvements in the clients physical well-being without causing harm.
With the exception of assessing _______, there is no _______ one can give each client before designing an appropriate program.
- cardiovascular disease risk factors
- battery of tests
The first step in individualizing the personal trainers approach to each client is determining the specific _______ to give to measure various parameters of health- and skill-related fitness.
- tests
Specific assessments are chosen based on the clients _______ and _______, as well as the _______.
- apparent health
- level of cardiovascular disease risk
- designed program outcomes expressed by the client.
_______ is the act of measuring a specific component using a well-constructed, valid, and reliable test and then evaluating and interpreting the results.
- Assessment
If the evaluation is done in accordance with _______, the results will be more meaningful to the client.
- clients goals
Assessment can be _______, following specific test protocols, or _______, through observation of the client performing specific activities and exercises.
- formal
- informal
There are two ways of looking at assessments - as _______ or _______ evaluations.
- formative
- summative
_______ evaluations include formal assessment with a specified test protocol as well as the subjective observations the personal trainer makes during each interaction with the client.
- formative
The _______ assessments take place before a program begins and periodically throughout the training period.
- formative
formative assessments give the personal trainer opportunities to _______, _______, and _______.
- formulate or plan a program
- give the client feed back
- make modifications to the program while it is still in progress.
Every _______ of a client provides important data about the client that the personal trainer must consider in designing, implementing, and modifying that clients program.
- observation
Subjective observations are variable between evaluators and might include _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- noticing posture or gait
- exercise technique
- response to cardiovascular exercise
- comments or body language relating to specific exercises or suggestions
- daily energy levels in each exercise.
Data from specific test protocols provide _______ that the personal trainer can compare to relevant standards to interpret the clients performance.
- objective evidence
_______ evaluations are final evaluations made when a client completes a specified training period, class, or season.
- Summative
_______ evaluations represent the sum total of what has been accomplished in a given period.
- Summative
The same assessments used at the _______ and _______ of an exercise program can and generally should be used to provide the _______ evaluation.
- beginning
- midpoint
- final
If a client has a a flexibility goal for a specific joint, the _______ evaluation would have included an initial measurement of the range of motion in the joint and a realistic goal for improved flexibility of that joint.
- formative
A flexibility program might include a variety of stretching techniques for that joint with _______ of the test so the client knows the amount of progress he or she is making toward the goal.
- periodic repetitions
At the _______ of the specified period, the same test is repeated under similar conditions, and the client and personal trainer can determine whether the stated goals were achieved in that time: This evaluation is a _______ of what was achieved during the specified training period.
- end
- summary
As new _______ and _______ are reported, personal trainers need to evaluate new info and decide whether it has a place in the battery of tests used for their particular clientele.
- research
- tests
A test may be excellent in terms of _______ and _______ but still not be appropriate for a specific client.
- validity
- reliability
A _______ running test would not be appropriate for a deconditioned adult.
- near maximal
Although some tests may be excellent for measuring a specific component or trait, they may require _______, _______, or _______ that the personal trainer does not have.
- equipment
- facilities
- expertise
The fact that a particular piece of equipment or computer-generated test battery is available does not make it _______ for all clients.
- appropriate
If a client is visibly obese, it might not be necessary or accurate to assess body composition via the _______, but it would be fine to simply use _______ until weight loss occurs.
- skinfold method
- body mass index (BMI)
The personal trainer must sort through the info and select tests _______ to each client while recognizing that some clients will be more interested in _______ than in _______.
- appropriate
- personal progress
- formal assessments
The objective of the personal trainer in selecting assessments for the client is to _______ and _______.
- reduce error
- increase the accuracy of the assessment
Questions to answer in attempting to improve the accuracy of a test include the following: _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- how reliable and objective was the assessment?
- was it valid?
- was the equipment calibrated and did it produce accurate results?
- was the subject physically or emotionally influenced by anything before or during the test that may have affected the results?
- was the test protocol followed carefully and were data collected accurately?
_______ is a measure of repeatability or consistency of a test or an observation.
- Reliability
To determine if a measurement is _______, one must measure the same trait under the same conditions, with no intervention before a subsequent measurement is performed.
- reliable
The _______ is when a test is repeated with the same individual or group within one to three days, and sometimes up to one week later if the test is particularly strenuous.
- test-retest method
In order for a test to be _______, the person conducting the test must be consistent in his or her administration of it.
- reliable
_______ is the personal trainers consistency when administering a test.
- intrarater reliability
Scores can be _______ but not accurate.
- consistent
Scores collected by different personal trainers on the same client without intervention should be compared in order to determine _______ or _______.
- interrater reliability
- objectivity
If more than one personal trainer can consistently get the same result from a client, the test is _______ rather than _______.
- objective
- subjective
It is not practical to test a client _______ times per _______ or _______ on the same assessment, so the personal trainer must look for assessments that were proven to have good _______ when they were developed.
- multiple
- day
- week
- reliability
The fact that an assessment had good reliability when developed is meaningless if the personal trainer does not take the time to _______ giving the assessment under _______ and _______ conditions.
- practice
- very strict
- standarized
Factors affecting reliability that have to do with the personal trainer include _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______
- competence
- confidence
- concentration
- familiarity with the instrument
- motivation
_______ indicates that a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
- validity
When selecting a test for _______, one must choose a test that is long enough and is sufficiently intense to require provision of energy primarily from the _______.
- aerobic capacity
- aerobic system
The 50 m dash sprint test would not give a valid or truthful measure of _______.
- aerobic capacity
For a test to be valid it must also be _______.
- relevant
The _______ indicates how well the test matches the objectives of testing.
- relevance
A _______ measurement is a relevant indicator of overweight status in a fairly sedentary population, but it is not relevant to a group of athletes with increased lean muscle mass and a low percentage of body fat.
- body mass index (BMI)
_______ means that the test appears to test what it is supposed to test.
- Face validity
A 1 RM test is a _______ measure of muscular strength, but not muscular flexibility .
- valid
_______ indicates that an expert has determined a test covers all topics or abilities that it should.
- Content validity
A volleyball athlete should be tested on more than just jumping ability in order to _______ performed in that particular sport.
- cover all skills
_______ is a theoretical concept meaning that a test is able to differentiate between performance abilities.
- Construct validity
If a test is a sport skill-related test, those with the given _______ should scored better on the test than those who take the test without having previously acquired the skills.
- sport skills
_______ allows the personal trainers to use tests in the field or in the fitness center, instead of tests that can be performed only in a laboratory setting or with expensive equipment, because the laboratory test results and field test results have been statistically compared with each other.
- criterion validity
A _______ should be given only in a tightly controlled environment, with medical personnel and equipment on hand.
- maximal exertion stress test
Since a maximal cardiovascular endurance test is not practical in a fitness center setting, personal trainers can select a sub maximal cardiovascular endurance test such as a _______, _______, or a _______ test that has been statistically correlated to the maximal exertion tests.
- treadmill test
- step test
- cycle ergometer
The more fit the individual is, the more _______ they should be able to do at a given heart rate and the more total work they should be able to perform before reaching _______.
- work
- maximal heart rate
The results on the sub maximal tests are _______ as those on the maximal test nor will the estimated vO2max scores on different types of maximal tests _______.
- not precisely the same
- identically match each other
If the _______ between the sub maximal and maximal tests is small and the test is _______ and _______, then it is a good test.
- margin of error
- reliable
- valid
_______ is an indirect measure or estimate of body fatness, based on the assumption that the body is made up of fat mass and fat-free mass
- hydrostatic weighing
An _______ is a direct measure of body fatness, but cannot be use on living individuals.
- autopsy
Common methods of assessing body composition such as _______, _______, _______, or _______ are doubly indirect.
- skinfold assessments
- bioelectrical impedance (BIA)
- near infrared interactance (NIR)
- anthropometric measures
A _______ means that the statistical relationship and the standard error of measurement is established against an indirect method.
- Doubly indirect method
The error involved in assessing body composition with a _________ test may be higher than with an _______ test.
- doubly indirect
- indirect
When a specific test is selected to assess a client, the _______ should be used for any further testing of the given fitness component.
- the same test
A skin fold estimate of body fatness cannot be reliably compared to an estimate made by means of _______ or _______.
- BIA
- NIR
A good assessment instrument is both _______ and _______.
- valid
- reliable
_______ is the difference between a persons observed score - what the result was - and that persons true score, a theoretically errorless score.
- Standard error of measurement
When choosing to assess body composition using the skin fold technique, a personal trainer will never know the client’s _______, but instead will only be able to estimate the _______ knowing that this estimation will involve some error.
- actual percent fat score (true score)
- estimate fat percent score (observed score)
All test results contain the _______ as well as the _______.
- true value of the factor being measured
- errors associated with the test itself.
Measurement error can arise from several sources, including _______, _______, and _______, or _______.
- the client
- the personal trainer
- the equipment
- the environment
Key client factors to consider in selecting tests include _______ and _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- health status
- functional capacity
- age
- sex
- pretraining status
The _______ and _______ of a client dictate which assessments are appropriate.
- health status
- functional capacity
Info gathered during the _______ should used to identify potential physical limitations.
pre-participation screening process
Understanding a clients _______ provides a context for selecting assessments that will reasonably match the capabilities of the individual.
- limits
If an individual is _______, _______, and _______ it may be unreasonable for that person to perform the YMCA step test or 1.5 mile run.
- sedentary
- over the age of 60
- has a functional aerobic capacity of 5 MET’s
Both the YMCA step test and the 1.5 mile run require a greater metabolic level of performance than _______ and in some instances may be considered _______ for de-conditioned individuals
- 5 MET’s
- near maximal tests
Client fatigue and motivation, whether a function of _______, _______, _______ or _______, will influence the assessment out comes.
- recent activities
- food and fluid intake
- sleeping patterns
- due to the number and demands of the assessments being, administered in one session
Chronological age and maturity may influence _______.
- testing performance
The _______ is considered a standard field test to measure aerobic capacity for apparently healthy college age men and women.
- 1.5 mile run
The _______ will not appropriately measure aerobic ability of preadolescents, primarily because of the immature physical development of the cardiovascular system and the experiential maturity needed to cover the distance by pacing.
- 1.5 mile run
Appropriate tests to measure aerobic capacity in children may include _______, _______, or _______
- the timed 1-mile run for distance
- the 9-minute run for distance
- the PACER
The ______ has been recommended as a safe aerobic capacity assessment for older clients who are low risk.
- 1-mile walk test
Sex-specific biological factors may influence performances in a variety of assessments such as the _______, _______, and _______ to assess muscular endurance of the upper extremities.
- chin up
- push up
- bench press
Several differences between men and women appear to influence performance: _______, _______.
- women tend to have more body fat and less muscle
- a smaller shoulder mass that supports less muscle tissue, and as a result less of a mechanical advantage for muscles working at the shoulder.
The chin up test appears to provide reliable results for _______; however in some cases may fail to differentiate between strength and muscular endurance for _______.
- males
- females
The flex arm hang is sometimes used as alternative method to assess _______, through a static rather than a dynamic muscular action, by measuring the length of time the flexed elbow hang position can be sustained.
- muscular endurance
Push up tests to measure dynamic muscular fitness of the upper extremities include a variation for women to account for the differences in _______; this modification uses the same standard military push up position as for men with the exceptions that: _______, _______.
- upper body strength
- the knees are flexed
- the lower legs are in contact with the testing surface, and the ankles are plantar flexed
The YMCA fixed load bench press test provides different fixed loads for men and women (___ lbs. for women and ___ lbs. for men)
- 35 lbs.
- 80 lbs.
The _______ of the client may affect test selection when the skills required for the test and the relative level of exertion are considered.
- pre-training status
Caution should be emphasized in assessment of _______, _______ individuals, even when they express a desire to achieve high performance.
- untrained
- de-conditioned
The _______ and the _______ are considered near-maximal exertion tests, as they require the individual to cover distance as quickly as possible.
- 1.5 mile run test
- 12-min. run test
An unconditioned client should have a period of at least _______ of aerobic conditioning before participating in near-maximal exertion assessments.
- 4-6 weeks
Clients who are unaccustomed to pacing themselves may do better on subsequent trials of _______ as they learn to adjust their initial pace with a practice trial.
- 1-mile walk test
Clients who do not have an opportunity to ______ a footwork pattern for an agility test may not get an accurate score.
- practice
Allowing the client time to _______ the movement pattern will yield a better indication of the persons agility; however some argue that _______ a movement pattern decreases the likelihood that a test actually measures agility because it will then require no _______ or _______ component.
- practice
- practicing
- cognitive
- reactive
A 1 RM test in the squat movement may be appropriate for a _______ individual who has _______ with that free weight movement pattern.
- conditioned
- experience
For someone with _______, the lack of motor skill and the intensity required for performing a 1 RM squat may create an unacceptably high risk for injury.
no pre-training experience
The greater the load, the more stress the _______, _______, _______, and _______ experience.
- joints
- muscles
- bones
- connective tissue
In order to improve safety and reliability, it may be necessary to modify the test to one that estimates maximal strength with a ______, such as a ______.
- submaximal load
- 10 RM
One or more ______ sessions of the specific exercise with a ______ to learn the proper technique may be necessary.
- practice sessions
- lighter load
For the untrained person, _______ may account for most of the initial strength gains in a resistance training program.
- adaptations in the coordination of the neuromuscular system
The length of the familiarization period varies by _______ and the _______.
- client
- relative intensity required by the strength test chosen
Some muscular endurance tests may involve resistances heavy enough to permit _______ to be performed by untrained clients.
- only a limited number of reps
Clients with _______ or _______ will not be able to complete very many reps in the push-up test because their body weight- even using the modified body position- is simply too heavy.
- weak
- smaller upper body muscles
For clients with weak or smaller upper body muscles, the push up test becomes one that can be used to assess _______.
- muscular strength
The _______ can be used to test muscular endurance if the client has experience with lifting.
- YMCA bench press test
The level of _______ and _______ of the personal trainer has an impact on the selection of assessments.
- experience
- training
To maintain _______ and reduce _______, testing protocols that require adapt technical skills need to match the abilities of the personal trainer.
- objectivity
- intrarater error
Theoretical prediction errors of _______ body fat are considered acceptable on various equations and combinations of skin fold measurements assess body composition, but tester error may account for _______ to _______ variability between raters.
- or - 3.5% or less
- 3%
- 9%
Body fat testing errors can be further compounded by failure to _______, ________, _______, and _______.
- follow a protocol
- inaccurate identification of measurement sites
- improperly calibrated equipment
- the choice of prediction equations
Taking accurate skin fold measurements is a complicated skill that requires about _______ practice opportunities on different clients in order for the personal trainer to gain adequate proficiency.
- 100
To develop _______ the personal trainer should do measurements on different sites and body types.
- intrarater consistency
The _______ and the type of _______ required can affect outcomes.
- relative test difficulty
- measurement
Relatively little skill on the part of the personal trainer is required to _______ and _______ for a timed 1-mile walk or run.
- manage a stop watch
- monitor heart rate
For _______; monitoring and adjusting the workload and pedal cadence on the ergometer, and obtaining heart rates every minute of the test involves great skill.
non-computerized cycle ergometer tests
Any mechanism or device used to measure work, performance, or physiological response requires _______, to ensure precision, in order to accurately measure the specific trait being assessed.
- calibration
Through _______ one checks the accuracy of a measuring device to provide an accurate reading.
- calibration
_______, _______, and _______ of the assessment are directly affected by the accuracy of the measurement tool.
- reliability
- validity
- objectivity
Common mechanisms and devices used in the assessment process that require calibration are _______, _______, and _______; _______; _______ and _______; _______; and _______.
- cycle
- step
- tread mill ergometers
- blood pressure sphygmomnaometers
- skinfold calipers
- body composition mechanisms
- metronomes
- other electronic devices used to measure time, distance, and power.
To ensure the accuracy of equipment, it is important to institute a scheduled plan for _______ and _______ mechanisms and devices according to manufacturer specification and based on warranty recommendations.
- checking
- calibrating
Climatic elements and the physical setting of the environment present potential concerns that may influence client _______ and _______.
- performance
- safety
When one is selecting and administering tests, it is necessary to consider environmental planning and quality control assurance related to _______, _______, _______, and ______.
- weather
- altitude
- air pollution
- physical setting of a facility
The ______ poses challenges and issues related to physiological responses that may have an impact on test administration and performance.
- environment
_______, _______, and _______ need to be considered in selection of assessments.
- high heat
- humidity
- cold exposure
_______ in combination with _______ inhibits the body’s thermo regulatory system from dissipating heat, which impedes physical endurance performance, poses health risks, and affects test results.
- High ambient temperatures
- high humidity
Between _______ and _______ and _______ and _______, the risk of exertion heat stroke begins to rise.
- 65
- 72 degrees F
- 65.1%
- 72% humidity
Geographic areas that experience _______ along with _______ may not be suitable for outdoor tests to assess aerobic endurance since performance may be affected.
- high temperatures
- high humidity
A period of acclimatization to _______ and _______ may be necessary for testing in an area with seasonal fluctuations in temperatures.
- high temperatures
- humidity
Exposure to cold temps, less than _______, may not have a significant impact on the performance and health of younger apparently healthy individuals; however those who have _______ and _______ and _______ may need to use caution.
- 25 degrees F
- cardiovascular
- circulatory disorders
- respiratory problems
Cold exposure may stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which can affect _______, _______, _______, and _______
- total peripheral resistance
- arterial pressure
- myocardial contraction
- cardiac work
Outdoor performances that require _______ should be of concern when performed in cold temperatures.
- significant effort of the upper extremities
Altitude can impair _______.
- aerobic endurance performance
Test to measure aerobic endurance may not correlate with normative performance data when assessment takes place at an altitude of _______.
- 19,000 ft.
Individuals not acclimated to altitude changes may require an adaptation period of _______ to _______ before engaging .
- 9
- 12 days
_______ is the measure of air quality as it relates to pollutants.
- Air quality index (AQI)
Pollution can have a negative effect on performance and health by _______, _______, and _______.
- decreasing, the ability of the blood to transport oxygen
- increasing resistance in the airways
- by altering the perception of effort for a given task
The AQI is usually reported in _______.
- local weather forecasts
Issues associated with health and enviornmental control are important factors related to assessment _______ and _______.
- validity
- reliability
To minimize external distractions and the potential anxiety related to the assessment process, the testing area should be _______ and _______.
- quiet
- private
During the assessment process the personal trainer should project a _______, _______, _______ attitude; and the process should be _______ and _______.
- positive
- relaxed
- confident
- clearly explained
- not rushed
Testing rooms should be _______ with _______ and _______ and _______ testing devices.
- well equipped
- comfortable furnishings
- standardized
- calibrated
Testing facilities should have a room temperature set at _______ to _______, _______ humidity, and air circulation should be set to _______.
- 68 degrees
- 72 degrees F
- 60% or less
- 6-8 exchanges per hour
Physical facilities must be inspected for _______, and _______ need to be clearly documented and posted.
- deficiencies
- safety procedures
Testing facilities must be equipped with the _______.
- appropriate emergency equipment
All emergency equipment should be _______ and _______ in the event that an incident requires an emergency response.
- operable
- immediately available
The most important required assessments for initiating and designing an exercise program are _______ and _______.
- the clients cardiovascular disease risk
- potential contraindications for specific activities due to know musculoskeletal limitations or diseases
The outcome of the _______ and _______ dictates the selection and administration of all other assessments.
- health screening process
- risk stratification
Before selecting the assessment instruments for each client, the personal trainer must also consider other factors including _______, _______, _______; _______, and _______.
- the clients exercise goals
- exercise history
- attitudes about
assessments - their own experience and skill performing assessments
- the equipment and facilities available
In most cases more than one _______ may be used to collect the info needed to design a program.
- assessment instrument
When organizing and administering the fitness assessment process, one must pay close attention to the _______ and implementation of factors that will have an impact on obtaining safe, accurate, and meaningful results.
- details of preperation
Appropriate and valuable test outcomes are predicated on the ability of the personal trainer to prepare clients by _______, and _______.
- educating them as to the content of the test / pre-test requirements
- expectations of the assessment process
Preparation to evaluate someones level of fitness requires the personal trainer to: _______, _______, _______, _______ and _______, and _______.
- execute assessment screening procedures
- review safety considerations
- select appropriate assessments
- select facilities
- verify accuracy of equipment
- perform record keeping responsibilities
The implementation of a fitness assessment procedure should occur only after a thorough pre-activity screening that includes an _______, _______, _______, and when required, _______.
- initial interview
- execution of a health appraisal tool
- completion of appropriate forms
- recommendations from a physician regarding the management of medical contraindications
Documented risks are associated with exercise testing; however, evidence suggests that complications are relatively _______.
- low (.06% or 6 per 10,000)
Selecting valid, reliable, and safe assessments that will provide meaningful results requires _______, _______, and _______.
- an understanding of the goals and health status of the client
- level of experience of the personal trainer
- the specific test characteristics associated with the assessment
_______, _______, _______, and _______ influence the selection of the assessment process.
- Ease of administration
- cost-effectiveness
- availability of equipment
- the facility setting
Laboratory tests, in most cases are performed in _______ using _______ to assess an individuals _______.
- clinical facilities
- specialized diagnostic equipment
- maximal functional capacity
Laboratory tests may include the use of a _______ to measure oxygen consumption and _______ to measure body composition.
- metabolic cart
- hydrostatic weighing
Laboratory tests are relatively _______, and _______ are used to reduce data error and quantify results based on responses.
- complex
- direct measurement tools
Because of the diagnostic capabilities of laboratory tests and the high risk of cardiac complications, _______ are responsible for administering the assessment and evaluation process of laboratory tests.
- allied health professionals
For laboratory tests it is helpful to have equipment such as the following: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______ , _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______.
- bicycle or treadmill ergometer
- equipment for measuring body composition
- equipment for measuring flexibility
- equipment for measuring the force of muscular contraction
- perceived exertion chart
- stopwatch
- metronome
- stethoscope
- tape measure
- bodyweight scale
- first aid kit
- automated external defibrillator
Field tests are not diagnostic, they use _______ to quantify and extrapolate performance results.
- indirect measurements
Field tests are practical assessments that are _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- inexpensive
- are easy to administer
- require less equipment
- are less time-consuming
- can be performed at various venues
- may be more efficient for evaluating large groups
Examples of field tests include _______, _______, and _______.
- walk/run tests
- agility tests
- 1 RM tests
Field tests may be _______ or _______ and are usually administered by a certified fitness professional.
- submaximal
- maximal
The major concerns with the _______ are the potential risks that exist as a result of an individuals putting forth a maximal effort without being monitored with diagnostic devices.
- maximal assessments
Because of the cost of _______ and the consideration of ease of administration, it may not be practical or appropriate for the personal trainer to implement _______.
- laboratory equipment
- laboratory testing
One can use _______ effectively and efficiently to obtain the info needed to assess performance and compare to norm- or criterion- referenced standards.
- field tests
An appointment for the assessment should be scheduled in advance in order for the client to adequately prepare _______ and _______ for the event.
- mentally
- physically
The client should receive _______ in preparation for the assessment.
- pretest instructions
Pretest instructions include _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- adequate rest (6-8 hours the night before and no vigorous exercise 24 hours preceding the test)
- moderate food intake (light meal or snack 2 to 4 hours prior to the test)
- adequate hydration (6-8 glasses of water the day before the test and least 2 cups of water in the 2 hours prior to the test)
- adherence from chemicals that accelerate heart rate (with the exception of prescribed meds)
- proper attire (loose-fit clothing, sturdy tied athletic shoes)
- specific testing procedures and expectations before, during, and after the test
- conditions for terminating a test
It is important for client to be told that they may _______ a test for any reason at any time.
- terminate
It may be necessary, for safety reasons for the personal trainer to_______ a test before its completion.
- terminate
If a test must be terminated abruptly, it should be followed by a _______ when possible.
- 5-15 minute cool down period
An organized method _______, _______, and _______ data is critical in reducing the incidence of error and is instrumental to the evaluation and interpretation of testing results.
- collect
- record
- store
Creating a systematic method for _______ and _______ data is one of the professional responsibilities associated with the role of the personal trainer.
- collecting
- storing
Documentation may provide evidence of _______ and _______ in the event that the standard of care is questioned and litigation is pursued.
- reasonable
- prudent care
A systematic approach to data collection would include _______ or _______ that allow documentation of raw scores expressed in specific units of measurement.
- manual recording forms
- software programs
_______ should also contain vital info related to the assessment process and provide space for comments pertaining to the collection of data during the process.
- recording devices
The _______ should be organized so that testing results can be easily retrieved from it in a time-efficient manner.
- data collection system
The data collection system should also have a _______ to ensure confidentiality.
- protective mechanism
Organizing and implementing an assessment procedure requires the personal trainers detailed attention to a number of tasks, including: _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- identifying the sequence of the assessments
- designing and following testing protocols
- collecting and interpreting the data
- scheduling a review of the results
Organization of a testing procedure demands that the personal trainer identify and determine the _______ of the testing to ensure optimal performance and adequate rest and recovery to yield accurate results.
- proper order
Test order is influenced by many factors: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- number of clients to be tested
- components to be evaluated
- skill involved
- energy system demand
- time available
- the specific goal of the client
Once can use _______ related to test order.
- various strategies
Example of logical sequence of assessments for general fitness: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______.
- resting tests (heart rate, blood pressure, height, weight, body composition)
- non fatiguing tests (flexibility, balance)
- muscular strength tests
- local muscular endurance tests (YMCA bench press test, partial curl up test)
- submaximal aerobic capacity tests ( step test, Rockport walking test, astrand rhyming cycle ergometer test, 1.5 mile run, 12 minute run/walk).
Example of logical sequence of assessments for athletic performance: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______.
- resting tests (heart rate, blood pressure, height, weight, body composition)
- non fatiguing tests (flexibility, vertical jump)
- agility tests (T-test)
- maximum power and strength tests (3RM power clean, 1RM bench press)
- local muscular endurance tests (1-minute sit-up test, push-up test)
- anaerobic capacity tests (300 yard shuttle run)
- maximal or submaximal aerobic capacity tests (maximum treadmill test, 1.5 mile run, YMCA cycle ergometer test)
If possible, it is most appropriate to schedule assessments to measure _______ on a separate day.
- maximum aerobic capacity
If all assessments are performed on the same day, _______ should be performed last, after a minimum of _______ recovery period.
- maximum aerobic capacity
- 1 hour long
Individuals to be assessed should receive _______ regarding the test prior to the scheduled assessment appointment.
- precise instructions
The clarity and simplicity of instructions have a direct impact on the _______ and _______ of a test.
- reliability
- objectivity
Test instructions should define the protocols, including _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- the purpose of the test
- directions on implementation
- performance guidelines regarding technique and disqualification
- test scoring
- recommendations for maximizing performance
The personal trainers should provide a demonstration of _______ and should give the client an opportunity to _______ concerning the protocol.
- appropriate test performance
- practice and ask questions
It is the responsibility of the personal trainer to ensure that testing protocols are followed _______ and _______.
- safely
- efficiently
To enhance reliability, _______ should be followed with each client each time the test is administered.
- strict standardized procedures
The test selected for the pre-test should _______ so that a reliable comparison of scores can be made.
- be repeated as the post test
The personal trainer should institute an adequate _______ and _______ procedure when warranted and implement _______ practices when required by the testing protocol.
- warm-up
- cool-down
- spotting
The data collected through the _______ provide baseline info for the client.
- assessment process
The interpretation of the baseline data is dependent on _______ and _______.
- the specific purpose of the assessment
- the goals of the client
Common ways to explain data to a client are through _______ and _______.
- norm-referenced standards
- criterion-referenced standards
_______ are used to compare the performance of an individual against the performance of others in a like category.
- norm-referenced standards
The percentile scores compare the actual _______, _______, and _______ performance scores of each participant.
- best
- worst
- in-between
Some clients may confuse _______ such as those they may have received in school, with 70% being a passing grade.
- percent scores
A personal should be able to interpret the _______ for clients and educate them on _______.
- test results
- the relative value of their scores
Many clients are content to know their _______ and whether they get stronger, faster, or more flexible after training.
- raw performance score
Clients who are _______ or who have had _______ may have no interest in knowing how poorly they performed compared to others.
- very unfit
- negative experiences with fitness testing in the past
Some clients feel more motivated with use of the _______ to articulate performance goals and feel a sense of achievement as they “climb the chart”.
- normative data
Although using the normative approach may provide positive feedback related to performance, it does not address the _______ of the individual based _______.
- health-related status
- on desirable health standards
What _______ standards do not do is let the client know wether the performance met a health standard.
norm-referenced
A ______ could be defined as the lowest performance that would allow an individual to maintain good health and lessen the risk of chronic diseases.
- health standard
A _______ is a specific, minimal standard-one that theoretically each person can strive for, as it is not compared to how other individuals perform.
- criterion
_______ are set against a combination of normative date and the best judgment of the experts in a given field to identify a specific level of achievement.
- criterion-referenced
_______ that have been matched to healthy levels of fitness provide reasonable goals for most people to achieve for improved health.
- criterion-referenced
If a female client had a waist circumference _______ and also was _______, she would have a high risk of diseases such as diabetes or coronary heart disease.
- > 35 inches
- in the over weight category according to BMI
Unfortunately, there is a disagreement on the exact level of performance that accurately reflects a _______.
- health standard
At least four criterion-referenced health related fitness batteries of tests are given to school-age children in the united states, but each has a different _______.
- criterion denoting acceptable performance levels for health.
There is no consensus on what determines _______ for adults in all areas
- minimal health standards
For a de-conditioned client who scores at or near the bottom of a column on a norm-referenced table, the results may be _______ if the client thinks mistakenly, that he or she must score at or near the top to be healthy.
- demoralizing
_______ provide a reasonable estimate of the level of fitness required for health.
- criterion data
In the absence of _______ for a test chosen for a particular client, the best way to use the normative tables is to encourage clients with goals related to health to strive for fitness improvements until they reach the _______ or _______ levels for a given component, and then to maintain their level of performance.
- criterion-referenced data
- “average”
- higher
Clients with average or higher levels of performance initially or after training may have already achieved a healthy level of fitness, but may be motivated to improve both health and performance by setting higher performance goals using the _______.
- norm-refrenced tables
If a 39 year old woman had a VO2 max of 32 ml kg-1 min-1, she scored at the 40th percentile meaning that ______ of the women her age have a higher VO2 max and _______ have a lower VO2 max.-
- 60%
- 40%
The personal trainer should schedule a review of the results _______ or _______ the assessment process.
- immediately
- shortly following
Following completion of an assessment, the client should receive an _______ results, along with an _______.
- illustrated summary
of the test results - explanation of personal strengths and areas identified that may have room for improvement
Testing data are neither _______ nor _______-they are _______ to provide a foundation for positive change.
- good
- bad
- baseline data
Once the assessments are complete and the personal trainer has reviewed the results with the client, the program is _______ and _______ based on the clients goals.
- designed
- implemented
The _______, _______, _______, and _______, are all part of the formative evaluation of the client, providing frequent opportunities for feedback and guidance.
- initial assessments
- intermediate assessments
- anecdotal records
- exercise logs documenting client progress
A _______ for accomplishing goals must be set, and _______ are scheduled for that time.
- time frame
- posttests
A time frame for accomplishing goals may be ______ from program initiation (some goals may require more or less time for completion).
- eight or more weeks
The summative evaluation should be scheduled just after post testing is complete to _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- discuss the clients degree of achievement
- review the strengths and weaknesses of the initial program
- set new goals
- modify the program where appropriate
______ are a measure of progress toward a goal.
formative evaluations
_______ are a measure of attainment of a stated goal.
summative evaluations
For most clients, regardless of whether norm- or criterion- referenced standards are used, it is more appropriate to have them compare their _______ than to the skills or fitness levels of others.
- their own performances over time
If the personal trainer is truly providing individualized programming for their clients, the process begins with a thoughtful evaluation of the clients total circumstances- _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
- age
- health
- past experiences with exercise
- current training status
- exercise readiness
- personal interests
- goals
Once the clients _______ are identified, the personal trainer must consider the _______ of various valid and reliable tests that will yield meaningful _______ from which a program can be designed.
- total circumstances
- appropriateness
- base-line data
The personal trainer must consider their _______, _______, and _______ in selecting the assessments to gather these data.
- own skills
- equipment availability and appropriateness
- environmental factors
A system of record keeping and storage must be developed to _______ with the client after the initial testing and subsequent follow-up assessments.
- facilitate communication
