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Systems Path > Chapter 10 Final > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Final Flashcards

1
Q

The #1 cause of death in the US is:

A

Heart disease

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2
Q

The most common mechanism of cardiac pathology.

A

Pump failure

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3
Q

Mechanisms of cardiac pathology.

A

Pump failure, obstruction of flow, regurgitant flow, shunted flow, dysfunctional cardiac conduction and rupture of heart wall/vessels

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4
Q

The common end-point for many cardiac diagnoses is that:

A

Heart cannot supply tissue demand

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5
Q

3 types of dysfunction in CHF.

A

Systolic, diastolic and valvular dysfunction

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6
Q

Systolic dysfunction is characterized by _____, and its risks are:

A

Loss of myocardial contractility; IHD and HTN

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7
Q

Diastolic dysfunction is characterized by ____ and its risks are:

A

Normal contraction but abnormal relaxation/filling; Female/older adults, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis

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8
Q

Risks for valvular dysfunction.

A

Endocarditis, stenosis and HTN

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9
Q

Forward failure results in _____, while backward failure results in _____.

A

Hypoxia/insufficient output; Venous congestion

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10
Q

Adaptation that uses stronger contraction at the cost of oxygen.

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

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11
Q

Neurohumoral mechanisms use _____ to increase HR and _____ to cause vasodilation (balance).

A

Norepinephrine; ANP

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12
Q

Which mechanism results in overload and an increase in oxygen?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

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13
Q

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by ______ and may cause ______.

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation; Pulmonary edema

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14
Q

What commonly results from left-sided heart failure?

A

Right-sided heart failure

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15
Q

Left-sided HF causes _____, while right-sided HF causes _____.

A

Pulmonary edema; peripheral edema

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16
Q

What percentage of congenital heart disease cases are idiopathic?

A

90%

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17
Q

CHD can be genetic and result from trisomies of which chromosomes?

A

13, 15, 18 and 21

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18
Q

What is the most common defect in CHD cases?

A

Ventricular septal defect (42%)

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19
Q

The second most common defect in CHD cases is:

A

Atrial septal defect (10%)

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20
Q

The most common shunt of CHD is:

A

Left-to-right shunts

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21
Q

Which shunt is characterized by cyanosis and tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Right-to-left shunt

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22
Q

What are the four characteristics of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

VSD, right ventricular outflow obstruction, overriding of VSD by aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy

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23
Q

The most common CHD to cause cyanosis is:

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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24
Q

In transposition of vessels, the right ventricle will connect to the:

A

Aorta

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25
Q

In transposition of vessels, the left ventricle will connect to the:

A

Pulmonary artery

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26
Q

Aortic coarctation is most common in _____ and those with which disease?

A

Males; Turner syndrome

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27
Q

Infantile aortic coarctation occurs where?

A

Proximal to PDA

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28
Q

Adult aortic coarctation occurs where?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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29
Q

90% of IHD cases result from:

A

Atherosclerosis (CAD)

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30
Q

Occlusion of the coronary arteries that may result in catastrophic consequences is termed:

A

Acute coronary syndrome

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31
Q

What percentage of occlusion is classified as critical stenosis?

A

> 70% occlusion

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32
Q

What percentage occlusion is likely to cause unstable angina?

A

90%

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33
Q

Sub-sternal chest pain, “crushing” or “squeezing” pain is the result of:

A

Angina pectoris

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34
Q

Characteristics of stable angina.

A

Episodic, exertional and relieved with rest and nitroglycerin

35
Q

Characteristics of variant angina.

A

Vasospasm at rest and is relieved by vasodilators

36
Q

Which type of angina is termed “crescendo angina?”

A

Unstable angina

37
Q

Characteristics of unstable angina.

A

Increased frequency and intensity, longer duration and provoked by decreased exertion (compared to stable angina)

38
Q

The most common (90%) way MI occurs is via:

A

Acute ischemia from thrombosis

39
Q

How do patients usually die from MI?

A

Arrhythmia (V Fib)

40
Q

Why isn’t reperfusion the best way to overcome MI?

A

Production of ROS and residual “stunned” myocardium

41
Q

Which lab value is associated with angina?

A

CK-MB

42
Q

What is the difference between angina pectoris and angina caused by an MI?

A

Angina pectoris is relieved by nitroglycerin, whereas MI angina isn’t

43
Q

Myocardium acts “deconditioned” in which disorder?

A

Chronic IHD

44
Q

The most common stimulus for sudden cardiac death (SCD) is:

A

CAD

45
Q

What can be done to dramatically improve the prognosis of SCD?

A

Defibrillation

46
Q

A blow to the sternal region that disrupts heart rhythm (arrhythmia) is called:

A

Commotio cordis

47
Q

Commotio cordis is most common in:

A

Adolescent males (athletes)

48
Q

What type of hypertrophy occurs in hypertensive HD?

A

Concentric

49
Q

Type of systemic hypertensive HD characterized most commonly as the “silent killer.”

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

50
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy occurs most commonly where?

A

Brain and kidneys

51
Q

Pulmonary HTN and right-sided heart failure are characteristics of this type of pulmonary hypertensive HD.

A

Cor pulmonale

52
Q

Acute cor pulmonale is characterized by:

A

Large pulmonary emboli and permanent dilation

53
Q

Chronic cor pulmonale is characterized by:

A

Prolonged COPD or pulmonary fibrosis and permanent hypertrophy

54
Q

What is stenosis and which valve does it most commonly involve?

A

Failure to completely open; Mitral valve

55
Q

What is insufficiency and what is it also called?

A

Failure to completely close; Regurgitation

56
Q

Turbulent flow through a diseased valve describes what condition?

A

Heart murmur

57
Q

Heart murmurs commonly involve which valve?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

58
Q

The most common cause of aortic valve stenosis is:

A

Calcific AVS

59
Q

The most common degenerative valvular disease is ____ and is most common in patients aged _____.

A

Aortic stenosis; 60-80 years

60
Q

Rheumatic valvular disease is caused by:

A

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis

61
Q

In rheumatic valvular disease, which hypersensitivity is most common in children?

A

Carditis

62
Q

In RVD, which hypersensitivity is most common in adults?

A

Migratory polyarthritis

63
Q

Which valve is most commonly attacked in RVD?

A

Mitral valve

64
Q

What causes Scarlet Fever?

A

Group A b-hemolytic strep. (same as RVD)

65
Q

Scarlet fever is characterized by:

A

Pink punctate skin rash (dots), may transition to RF

66
Q

Which fever occurs sooner after a strep infection?

A

Scarlet fever (1-4 days as opposed to 2-3 weeks for RF)

67
Q

Infective endocarditis is most commonly caused by:

A

Bacteremia

68
Q

Which type of infective endocarditis is more difficult to treat?

A

Acute

69
Q

Which type of infective endocarditis is easier to treat?

A

Subacute

70
Q

What are the two types of prosthetic cardiac valves?

A

Mechanical (MC) and bioprosthetic

71
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in which patient population?

A

20-50 year olds (alcohol is the main risk)

72
Q

What percentage of all cardiomyopathy diagnoses are dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

90%

73
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy is caused by contractile gene mutations?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

74
Q

“Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy” is characteristic of:

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

75
Q

The most common form of restrictive cardiomyopathy is:

A

Endomyocardial fibrosis

76
Q

Endomyocardial fibrosis is most common in what patient population?

A

African descent, kids/young adults

77
Q

Myocarditis results most commonly secondary to:

A

Viral infections

78
Q

The most common cardiac neoplasm is:

A

Metastasis to the heart

79
Q

The most common primary cardiac neoplasm in adults is:

A

Myxoma

80
Q

Which primary cardiac neoplasm is common in children?

A

Rhabdomyomas

81
Q

The most common malignant primary cardiac neoplasm is:

A

Angiosarcoma

82
Q

90% of myxomas develop near where?

A

Fossa ovalis

83
Q

What complications arise from cardiac transplantation?

A

Rejection, allograft arteriopathy (MC long-term limitation)

Systems Path (4 decks)

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