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MCB181 > Chapter 10 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

tubulin

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2
Q

what are microfilaments made of

A

actin

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3
Q

what makes up a tubulin dimer

A

alpha tubulin and beta tubulin

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4
Q

where are the minus ends positioned in microtubules

A

at the organizing center of the centrosome

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5
Q

what is dynamic instability

A

cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in microtubules

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6
Q

what is microtubule catastrophe

A

dramatic shrinkage because the plus end of a microtubule is structurally unstable

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7
Q

what transport protein moves on microfilaments

A

myosin

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8
Q

what direction does myosin move

A

minus to plus end

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9
Q

what transport proteins move on microtubules

A

kinesin and dynein

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10
Q

what direction does kinesis move

A

minus to plus end

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11
Q

what direction does dynein move

A

plus to minus end

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12
Q

how does binary fission occur

A
  1. DNA is attached to inner membrane by proteins
  2. DNA replication begins bidirectionally around the circle
  3. new Dna is attached to inner membrnae
  4. the cell elongates around the midpoint separating the DNA attachment sites
  5. synthesis of new membranes and wall material at midpoint
  6. synthesis completes and constriction separates the daughter cells
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13
Q

when does binary fission occur

A

in prokaryotes

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14
Q

what does meiosis lead to

A

4 daughter cells having half the amount of genetic material as the parent cell

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15
Q

what does mitosis lead to

A

daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell

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16
Q

what does interphase consist of

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

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17
Q

what happens in G1

A

gap phase, size and protein content increases

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18
Q

what happens in S phase

A

DNA is replicated

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19
Q

what happens in the G2 phase

A

lag prior to mitosis and cytokinesis

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20
Q

what happens in M phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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21
Q

what happens in G0 phase

A

nothing

22
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

carry the same set of genes, one from the mother and one from the father

23
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

24
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense. centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles

25
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A

microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

26
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes are lined up in a single plane roughly equidistant from both of the spindle poles

27
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles

28
Q

what happens in telophase

A

nuclear envolepr forms and chromosomes decondense

29
Q

what do kinetochores do

A

forms the site of attachment for a single microtubule

30
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

plants must construct a new cell wall

31
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

during telophase the plant cells form a structure called the phragmoplast that consists of microtubules that guide vesicles containing cell wall components to the middle of the cell

32
Q

what do the vesicles in cytokinesis do

A

fuse to form a new cell wall called the cell plate in the middle of the dividing cell

33
Q

what happens in prophase 1 of meiosis 1

A

DNA replication is complete, homologous chromosomes condense and undergo synapsis, the homologous chromosomes form a bivalent, the chiasmata forms. the nuclear envelope breaks down

34
Q

what is chiasmata

A

crossing over

35
Q

what happens in prophase 2 Meiosis 2

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes condense

36
Q

what happens in metaphase 2 meiosis 2

A

chromosomes align in center of the cell

37
Q

what happens in anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate

38
Q

what happens in telophase 2

A

the nuclear envelope reforms

39
Q

what does cyclin do

A

activate the enzymes (CDKs) that promote cell divsion

40
Q

what are the 3 types of cylcins

A

G1/S cyclin, S cyclin, M cyclin

41
Q

what does G1/S cyclin do

A

prepares cell for DNA replication

42
Q

what does S cyclin do

A

helps initiate DNA synthesis

43
Q

what does M cyclin do

A

helps prepare the cell for mitosis

44
Q

what happens at the DNA replication checkpoint

A

checks for the presence of unreplicated DNA at the end of G2 before cell enters mitosis

45
Q

what happens at the DNA damage checkpoint

A

checks for damaged DNA before it enters S phase

46
Q

what happens at the spindle assembly checkpoint

A

checks for all chromosomes being attached to the spindle before the cell progresses with mitosis

47
Q

what is the role of p53 in the DNA damage checkpoint

A

it keeps the cell from replicating if there is DNA damage, it is phosphorylated and accumulates in the nucleus and activates genes that halt replication and turns on repair mechanisms to fix DNA

48
Q

what is an Onco gene

A

cancer causing gene

49
Q

what is a proton Onco gene

A

normal genes important in cell division can be cancerous if mutated

50
Q

what do tumor suppressors do

A

encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division

MCB181 (20 decks)

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