Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
According to Erikson, What is the primary psychosocial crisis of early childhood? What type of parenting is associated with a positive resolution of this crisis?
initiative vs. guilt
Initiative
Eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with peers, play permits trying out new skills, and act out highly visible occupations
Guilt
Overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt, related to excessive threats, criticism, punishment from adults
According to Erikson, What is the primary function of young children’s play?
learn about themselves and their social world
Be able to describe children’s self concepts during the preschool period. What has been shown to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept?
- self-concept - set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
Based on observational characteristics (appearance, possessions, and behavior) and typical emotional/attitude(I like/ i hate)
observational
Be able to describe characteristics and developmental changes in children’s self-esteem during the preschool period. How do preschool aged children describe their own self esteem? Are their descriptions realistic?
Preschoolers assert rights to objects (“Mine!”)
Preschoolers’ self- esteem is often very high (unrealistically high)
Be familiar with the development of emotional knowledge ruling the preschool period. What factors effect its emergence?
- Understanding of others’ emotions increasingly accurate
- Emotional self-regulation improves
- More self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt, pride) as self- concept develops
- Empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behavior increase
- gains in representation, language, and self-concept
What is the inference between sympathy and empathy? What child characteristics are associated with more vs/. less empathy in preschoolers.
Empathy: feeling WITH another person and responding emotionally in the same way
Sympathy: feeling concern or sorrow for another’s plight
temperament and parenting
Describe characteristics in preschool’s friendships? how do preschoolers define friendship and how do they describe their friendship.
- Preschool friendships change frequently, but friends are more reinforcing, emotionally expressive than non- friends
- Social competence with peers linked to better academic performance
- To a preschooler, a friend is someone who likes you, plays with you, and shares toys
– Preschoolers don’t yet characterize friendship as being long-enduring and based on mutual trust
Describe developments in social play with peers (Parten) and be able to compare them with the cognitive forms of play during the preschool period.
- nonsocial activity - Unoccupied, onlooker behavior, and solitary play
- parallel play - Plays near other children with similar toys, but does not try to influence them
- associative play - Engage in separate activities, but exchange toys and comments
- cooperative play - Children work toward a common goal (such as social make-believe play).
Be able to describe Baumrind’s 4 parental child-rearing styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved). What child outcomes in each style linked to, in later childhood? how are differences in parents’ psychological well-being (stress, support, depression) linked to different parenting styles?
- authoritarian - high acceptance, high involvement, adaptive control, appropriate autotomy.
linked to good outcomes
- authoritative - low acceptance, low involvement, high control, low autotomy
leads to bad outcomes
- permissive - high acceptance, too high or too low involvement, low control, high autonomy
leads to bad outcomes/antisocial behavior
- uninvolved - low acceptance, low involvement, low control, and indifference autonomy
leads to poor emotional self regulation poor school even more antisocial behavior
Describe the parental practice called induction. Give an example. why is this discipline practice successful?
Pointingoutothers’feelingsand plight in response to child transgressions (induction)
shows children to become more aware of others emotional responses and how their actions relate to other’s response
what are some of the benefits to children that come from their disputes with their siblings and peers?
allows children to negotiate, compromise and work out their first ideas about justice and fairness
Describe the effect of harsh and punitive parenting on sibling interchanges in the family and on peer relations at child care.
Models aggression, Children react with anger and resentment, Children develop poor relationship with punitive parent, Punitive adults are actually reinforcing negative
behavior, and thus encouraging more negative behavior (end result: punish more frequently and harshly)
Coercive cycles
– Use of corporal punishment may transfer to next generation.
What % of TV programing in the US (shown between 6 am to 11 pm) contains violence? Which type of TV programming has the most violent context?
57%
cartoons
What does a greater amount of TV watching predict in later life?
agression
Be able to list and define the diff types of aggression used by preschoolers
instrumental - just wants the object, no meaning
physical - harming to destroy another’s property
verbal
relational - damages another’s peer relationship through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation
