Chapter 10- During the early school years Flashcards
What did Burke “Spotlight on poverty and opportunity” state?
- U.S. ranks 4th place in the world per-pupil spending
- U.S. is much lower than other countries in math and reading
- American 15 year old middle zone in reading near bottom in math, falling behind estonia and slovenia
In early Elementary years, what are the biggest language changes we see?
semantic and pragmatic skills
Define Metalinguistic skills.
the ability to think about language—makes big leaps during this time
Most children have the fine motor skills to ___ and ____ .
draw and write
In early Elementary years, what skills develop especially in sports?
gross motor
Peers becomes increasingly important at age 3. True or False
True
At around what age/grade is full metalinguistic awareness achieved?
7-8 years old/ 3rd-4th grade
Define noun phrase.
a sentence role filled by people and objects
5 y.o. a little car ( ___ + ___ + ___)
6 y.o. a big fluffy cat ( ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ )
article + adj + noun
article + adj + adj + noun
True or False.
At age 6, Ch. become better @ using ________
Pronouns
Define mass nouns and give examples
homogenous, non-individual substances .
E.g. water, sand, air
Define count nouns and give examples
heterogeneous, individual objects (pencil, tomato, girl)
Irregular verbs develop ___ (e.g. caught, slid, below) - should be there by __ yrs.
slowly ; 8
Around what age do children understand passive sentences ?
5 y.o.
__% of 7.5 - 8 y.o. produce full passive sentences.
80
Complex sentence has ___ and ___ clause.
Independent; Dependent
Give an example for a complex sentence.
We will go to the movies if we have enough money.
Compound sentence has __ __ clauses joined by a ___.
two independent ; conjunction
Give an example for a compound sentence.
I went to the movies AND my mom bought us some popcorn.
What is really stressed in the common core state standards?
morphological knowledge
True or false.
“[Students will] use the most frequently-occurring inflections and affixes (e.g., -ed, -s, re-, un- pre-, -ful, -less) as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word.”
True
Define derivational suffixes.
changes class of word
The -ly suffix converts ___ into ___. Give examples.
adjectives; adverbs
appropriateLY, sincereLY, thankfulLY
When is The -ly suffix which converts adjectives into adverbs mastered?
adolescence
what is the first use for -er ?
acquired to mark the imitation of an action (e.x. paintER, preachER) mastered ~ 8 years old
what is the second use for -er ?
marks for accomplishing an action (e.x. eraser) mastered ~ 11 years old
what is the third use for -er ?
comparative (e.x. smallER) mastered mid elementary school
5-year olds have an expressive vocabulary of around ___ words.
2200
A first grader has an expressive vocabulary of around ___words but may understand ____ English root words
2600; 8,000-10,000
By 6th grade, a child understands around ___ words
50,000
Define taxonomies
categories of objects that share a common essence (fruits, weather, tools)
Define themes
bound by an event (e.g., cake, presents, candles signify a birthday party)
what do younger children relate to?
themes
As children get older what is more prevalent?
taxonomies
In therapy, what do we call taxonomies?
working on categories
true or false.
“previous knowledge is so important to vocabulary acquisition”
true
True or false. The ability to define words.. is highly correlated w/involvement in an academic culture
True
True or false. The ability to define words is taught at home.
False - schools
True or false. The ability to define words is related to metalinguistic skills.
True
Define slow map.
add features beyond the functional and physical aspects of something
Laura Justice, ASHA Schools Conference. What is tier 1?
very common usually learned w/o direct teaching (car, book, sun, phone)
Laura Justice, ASHA Schools Conference. What is tier 2?
high frequency vocab for mature language users (language of books)
Laura Justice, ASHA Schools Conference. What is tier 3?
highly specialized (peninsula, linear, equation, isotope) ___, version
Justice says we need to teach tier 2 words. Why?
because they go across the curriculum (e.x. function, constitute, relationship, imply. correlate)
Define figurative language.
words used in an imaginative sense, rather than a literal one, to create an imaginative or emotional expression
What does figurative language connote?
higher order language skills
Define metaphor and give an example.
Implies an analogous relationship.
“Love is a rose”
True or false.
it’s so important for a child to have experiences in life where they are able to learn vocabulary
True
Define a simile and give an example.
Directly states an analogous relationship.
“She’s as light as a feather.”
Define proverbs and give an example.
Short, popular sayings that embody a generally accepted truth, useful thought, or advice.
“A penny saved is a penny earned.”
Proverbs are hard for children through about ___ years old. They take things very literally.
8
True or false.
For conversational skills, theory of mind (social perspective) decreases.
false - increases
True or false.
Children learn to respond to questions and requests in the classroom.
True
In classroms, children must master the I-R-E format. What is this format?
- teacher INITIATES
- child RESPONDS
- teacher EVALUATES child’s responds
Children become better at ___ requests.
indirect
True or false.
Children become better at… Introducing a topic into conversation, sustaining it through several turns, and closing or switching the topic
True
True or false.
Children become better at… Repairing conversational breakdowns through providing more background context and defining terms
True
It is crucial to help students with ____ as they grow older.
pragmatics
What did ASHA Schools Conference speaker Pamela Wiley say that we need to remember about helping middle school students who may have difficulties with pragmatics?
- children look for peer support
- increase social pressure
- children more independent, less reliant on family
- struggle w/ social expectations
- increase emphasis on superficial (what you’re wearing) qualities
- social hierarchies
What does narrative reflect?
the storyteller’s experience
What does being a good story teller enhance?
children’s self image and proud identification within their families and communities.
What are the the 4 types of narratives?
Stories, recount, event cast, account
Define stories
known patterns - main character must overcome a challenge
Define recount
adult request a child to tell about past experiences
Define event cast
explanation of some current or anticipated event
Define account
highly individualized spontaneous narratives where children share their experiences
Define story grammar
components and rules of a story
True or false.
In story grammar, usually there is setting + episode structure.
True
What are basic elements of a story?
- Setting; introduce characters etc
- Initiating event (action, seeking something)
- Internal response (character’s reactions, thoughts, intentions, motivations)
- Internal plan (strategies for attaining goals)
- Attempt (Character’s action to attain goal)
- Direct consequence (success or failure)
- Reaction (character’s emotional response, though, or actions to the out come or preceding chain of events)
Define codeswitching.
a normal behavior that demonstrates the continuing separation of two languages
For children who speak African American English (AAE)…
- recommended be proficiently bidialectal, using AAE with friends and family and mainstream English at school
- children must write and spell in mainstream English in order to be successful
Define nonegocentrism
the ability to take the perspective of another person
Define decentration
the process of moving from rigid, one dimensional descriptions of objects and events to coordinated, multi attributional ones, allowing both speaker and listener to recognize that there are many dimensions to and perspectives on any given topic.
Define plan
means, or series of actions, intended to accomplish a specified end.
Define script
dialogs that accompany familiar routines in the child’s everyday environment
Define topic-associating
these narratives consist of theme-related incidents that make an implicit point
Define metaphoric transparency
amount of literal figurative relationship
Define morphophonemic
referring to changes in sound production related to meaning changes
At age 6, what do children add _____ ?(himself/herself)
Reflexive
Ch distinguish between ____ and _____nouns
Mass ; count
