Chapter 10- During the early school years

Question 1

What did Burke “Spotlight on poverty and opportunity” state?

Answer 1

• U.S. ranks 4th place in the world per-pupil spending
• U.S. is much lower than other countries in math and reading
• American 15 year old middle zone in reading near bottom in math, falling behind estonia and slovenia

Question 2

In early Elementary years, what are the biggest language changes we see?

Answer 2

semantic and pragmatic skills

Question 3

Define Metalinguistic skills.

Answer 3

the ability to think about language—makes big leaps during this time

Question 4

Most children have the fine motor skills to ___ and ____ .

Answer 4

draw and write

Question 5

In early Elementary years, what skills develop especially in sports?

Answer 5

gross motor

Question 6

Peers becomes increasingly important at age 3. True or False

Answer 6

True

Question 7

At around what age/grade is full metalinguistic awareness achieved?

Answer 7

7-8 years old/ 3rd-4th grade

Question 8

Define noun phrase.

Answer 8

a sentence role filled by people and objects

Question 9

5 y.o. a little car ( ___ + ___ + ___)

6 y.o. a big fluffy cat ( ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ )

Answer 9

article + adj + noun

article + adj + adj + noun

Question 10

True or False.

At age 6, Ch. become better @ using ________

Answer 10

Pronouns

Question 11

Define mass nouns and give examples

Answer 11

homogenous, non-individual substances .

E.g. water, sand, air

Question 12

Define count nouns and give examples

Answer 12

heterogeneous, individual objects (pencil, tomato, girl)

Question 13

Irregular verbs develop ___ (e.g. caught, slid, below) - should be there by __ yrs.

Answer 13

slowly ; 8

Question 14

Around what age do children understand passive sentences ?

Answer 14

5 y.o.

Question 15

__% of 7.5 - 8 y.o. produce full passive sentences.

Answer 15

80

Question 16

Complex sentence has ___ and ___ clause.

Answer 16

Independent; Dependent

Question 17

Give an example for a complex sentence.

Answer 17

We will go to the movies if we have enough money.

Question 18

Compound sentence has __ __ clauses joined by a ___.

Answer 18

two independent ; conjunction

Question 19

Give an example for a compound sentence.

Answer 19

I went to the movies AND my mom bought us some popcorn.

Question 20

What is really stressed in the common core state standards?

Answer 20

morphological knowledge

Question 21

True or false.

“[Students will] use the most frequently-occurring inflections and affixes (e.g., -ed, -s, re-, un- pre-, -ful, -less) as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word.”

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Define derivational suffixes.

Answer 22

changes class of word

Question 23

The -ly suffix converts ___ into ___. Give examples.

Answer 23

adjectives; adverbs

appropriateLY, sincereLY, thankfulLY

Question 24

When is The -ly suffix which converts adjectives into adverbs mastered?

Answer 24

adolescence

Question 25

what is the first use for -er ?

Answer 25

acquired to mark the imitation of an action (e.x. paintER, preachER) mastered ~ 8 years old

Question 26

what is the second use for -er ?

Answer 26

marks for accomplishing an action (e.x. eraser) mastered ~ 11 years old

Question 27

what is the third use for -er ?

Answer 27

comparative (e.x. smallER) mastered mid elementary school

Question 28

5-year olds have an expressive vocabulary of around ___ words.

Answer 28

2200

Question 29

A first grader has an expressive vocabulary of around ___words but may understand ____ English root words

Answer 29

2600; 8,000-10,000

Question 30

By 6th grade, a child understands around ___ words

Answer 30

50,000

Question 31

Define taxonomies

Answer 31

categories of objects that share a common essence (fruits, weather, tools)

Question 32

Define themes

Answer 32

bound by an event (e.g., cake, presents, candles signify a birthday party)

Question 33

what do younger children relate to?

Answer 33

themes

Question 34

As children get older what is more prevalent?

Answer 34

taxonomies

Question 35

In therapy, what do we call taxonomies?

Answer 35

working on categories

Question 36

true or false. "previous knowledge is so important to vocabulary acquisition"

Answer 36

true

Question 37

True or false. The ability to define words.. is highly correlated w/involvement in an academic culture

Answer 37

True

Question 38

True or false. The ability to define words is taught at home.

Answer 38

False - schools

Question 39

True or false. The ability to define words is related to metalinguistic skills.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Define slow map.

Answer 40

add features beyond the functional and physical aspects of something

Question 41

Laura Justice, ASHA Schools Conference. What is tier 1?

Answer 41

very common usually learned w/o direct teaching (car, book, sun, phone)

Question 42

Laura Justice, ASHA Schools Conference. What is tier 2?

Answer 42

high frequency vocab for mature language users (language of books)

Question 43

Laura Justice, ASHA Schools Conference. What is tier 3?

Answer 43

highly specialized (peninsula, linear, equation, isotope) ___, version

Question 44

Justice says we need to teach tier 2 words. Why?

Answer 44

because they go across the curriculum (e.x. function, constitute, relationship, imply. correlate)

Question 45

Define figurative language.

Answer 45

words used in an imaginative sense, rather than a literal one, to create an imaginative or emotional expression

Question 46

What does figurative language connote?

Answer 46

higher order language skills

Question 47

Define metaphor and give an example.

Answer 47

Implies an analogous relationship. "Love is a rose"

Question 48

True or false. it’s so important for a child to have experiences in life where they are able to learn vocabulary

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Define a simile and give an example.

Answer 49

Directly states an analogous relationship. “She’s as light as a feather.”

Question 50

Define proverbs and give an example.

Answer 50

Short, popular sayings that embody a generally accepted truth, useful thought, or advice. “A penny saved is a penny earned.”

Question 51

Proverbs are hard for children through about ___ years old. They take things very literally.

Answer 51

8

Question 52

True or false. For conversational skills, theory of mind (social perspective) decreases.

Answer 52

false - increases

Question 53

True or false. Children learn to respond to questions and requests in the classroom.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

In classroms, children must master the I-R-E format. What is this format?

Answer 54

- teacher INITIATES - child RESPONDS - teacher EVALUATES child's responds

Question 55

Children become better at ___ requests.

Answer 55

indirect

Question 56

True or false. Children become better at... Introducing a topic into conversation, sustaining it through several turns, and closing or switching the topic

Answer 56

True

Question 57

True or false. Children become better at... Repairing conversational breakdowns through providing more background context and defining terms

Answer 57

True

Question 58

It is crucial to help students with ____ as they grow older.

Answer 58

pragmatics

Question 59

What did ASHA Schools Conference speaker Pamela Wiley say that we need to remember about helping middle school students who may have difficulties with pragmatics?

Answer 59

- children look for peer support - increase social pressure - children more independent, less reliant on family - struggle w/ social expectations - increase emphasis on superficial (what you're wearing) qualities - social hierarchies

Question 60

What does narrative reflect?

Answer 60

the storyteller's experience

Question 61

What does being a good story teller enhance?

Answer 61

children's self image and proud identification within their families and communities.

Question 62

What are the the 4 types of narratives?

Answer 62

Stories, recount, event cast, account

Question 63

Define stories

Answer 63

known patterns - main character must overcome a challenge

Question 64

Define recount

Answer 64

adult request a child to tell about past experiences

Question 65

Define event cast

Answer 65

explanation of some current or anticipated event

Question 66

Define account

Answer 66

highly individualized spontaneous narratives where children share their experiences

Question 67

Define story grammar

Answer 67

components and rules of a story

Question 68

True or false. In story grammar, usually there is setting + episode structure.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

What are basic elements of a story?

Answer 69

1. Setting; introduce characters etc 2. Initiating event (action, seeking something) 3. Internal response (character’s reactions, thoughts, intentions, motivations) 4. Internal plan (strategies for attaining goals) 5. Attempt (Character’s action to attain goal) 6. Direct consequence (success or failure) 7. Reaction (character’s emotional response, though, or actions to the out come or preceding chain of events)

Question 70

Define codeswitching.

Answer 70

a normal behavior that demonstrates the continuing separation of two languages

Question 71

For children who speak African American English (AAE)...

Answer 71

- recommended be proficiently bidialectal, using AAE with friends and family and mainstream English at school - children must write and spell in mainstream English in order to be successful

Question 72

Define nonegocentrism

Answer 72

the ability to take the perspective of another person

Question 73

Define decentration

Answer 73

the process of moving from rigid, one dimensional descriptions of objects and events to coordinated, multi attributional ones, allowing both speaker and listener to recognize that there are many dimensions to and perspectives on any given topic.

Question 74

Define plan

Answer 74

means, or series of actions, intended to accomplish a specified end.

Question 75

Define script

Answer 75

dialogs that accompany familiar routines in the child's everyday environment

Question 76

Define topic-associating

Answer 76

these narratives consist of theme-related incidents that make an implicit point

Question 77

Define metaphoric transparency

Answer 77

amount of literal figurative relationship

Question 78

Define morphophonemic

Answer 78

referring to changes in sound production related to meaning changes

Question 79

At age 6, what do children add _____ ?(himself/herself)

Answer 79

Reflexive

Question 80

Ch distinguish between ____ and _____nouns

Answer 80

Mass ; count