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J - SOC 327 Lecture (2/2) > Chapter 10: Community Corrections > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Community Corrections Flashcards

1
Q

What proportion of offenders are sentenced to some kind of community supervision?

A

Most.

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2
Q

Why are community corrections and community sanctions used?

A
  • Escalating costs.
  • Questionable deterrent value of incarceration.
  • Recognition that these community sanctions can help rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders.
  • Ability to free up resources to provide those who are incarcerated with the programs that they need.
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3
Q

How much does it cost to incarcerate a man and woman for a year?

A

100 000 for men and 200 000 for women.

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4
Q

Why is the name “community corrections” a misnomer?

A

They do not involve the community, and often do not have community support.

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5
Q

Community sanctions are ___ and ___.

A

Undervalued, underutilized.

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6
Q

People see community sanctions as ___ ___ ___.

A

“Soft on crime.”

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7
Q

What is the opinion among inmates concerning the toughest sentence?

A

incarceration is easier than community sanctions, as community sanctions are more onerous and demanding.

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8
Q

What are the various forms of community sanctions?

A
  • Probation (most common form).
  • Intensive supervision probation.
  • Conditional sentences.
  • Community service.
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9
Q

What is the most widely used alternative to incarceration?

A

Probation at 45%.

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10
Q

What is the maximum probation sentence?

A

3 years, 2 for youth.

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11
Q

Probation is a ___ matter, so it is only available to ___ offenders.

A

Provincial, provincial.

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12
Q

What is the exception to the provincial offender probation rule?

A

Federal offenders who are given exactly a 2 year sentence.

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13
Q

Probationers are under the jurisdiction of ___ corrections.

A

Provincial.

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14
Q

Probationers are under the jurisdiction of ___ corrections.

A

Provincial.

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15
Q

Probationers are under the jurisdiction of ___ corrections.

A

Provincial.

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16
Q

What are 5 ways in which probation can be used?

A
  1. As a standalone sentence.
  2. As part of a conditional discharge.
  3. As part of a suspended sentence.
  4. As part of an intermittent sentence.
  5. Following a prison term.
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17
Q

What is the difference between a conditional discharge and a suspended sentence?

A

There is a criminal record associated with a suspended sentence.

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18
Q

How is probation applied in an intermittent sentence?

A

Person serves their time on weekends, and when they are in the community, they are on probation.

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19
Q

What are the 3 standard conditions applied to all probations?

A
  1. Keep the peace and be of good behaviour.
  2. Appear before the court when required to do so.
  3. Provide notification of any changes of name, address, or occupation.
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20
Q

Give examples of some additional conditions that may be imposed as appropriate.

A
  • Abstinence from drugs and alcohol.
  • Attendance to counselling.
  • Non-association condition.
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21
Q

Additional conditions are meant to be ___, and ___ over the course of the probation.

A

Dynamic, changed.

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22
Q

True or false? You may increase, decrease, or eliminate additional conditions, and reduce or increase the length of probation?

A

False, you may not increase the length of probation.

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23
Q

True or false? You may increase, decrease, or eliminate additional conditions, and reduce or increase the length of probation?

A

False, you may not increase the length of probation.

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24
Q

What happens when you breach a probation condition?

A

It constitutes a new hybrid offence known as a breach of probation.

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25
Q

What is the penalty for a breach of probation?

A

Incarceration up to 2 years if treated as an indictable offence.

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26
Q

What is the penalty for a breach of probation?

A

Incarceration up to 2 years if treated as an indictable offence.

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27
Q

Who is known as the first probation officer?

A

John Augustus.

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28
Q

What did John Augustus do?

A

Took handle of people about to be incarcerated, and tried to set them on the right track.

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29
Q

Most probation officers are recruited through a ___ ___ ___ model.

A

Pre-employment training.

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30
Q

The first social workers in Canada were social workers recruited to serve as ___ ___.

A

Probation officers.

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31
Q

What is the primary responsibility of a probation officer?

A

Assessing risks and needs, and providing individualized case management.

32
Q

What is the goal of a probation officer?

A

To reduce criminal behaviour.

33
Q

In many jurisdictions, the majority of a probation officer’s time is taken up by ___.

A

PSR’s (Pre-Sentence Reports).

34
Q

Most PSR’s contain a ___ ___.

A

Sentencing recommendation.

35
Q

A PSR contains…

A
  • Background information of an offender’s history.
  • Victim impact details.
  • Mental health assessments.
36
Q

Are sentencing recommendations made by probation officers binding?

A

No, judges do not have to take it.

37
Q

How much of a probation officer’s time is taken up by PSR’s?

A

2/3 of their time.

38
Q

What is the dual role that probation officers must fulfil?

A

Enforcement and support.

39
Q

What is meant by the dual role of enforcement and support that probation officers must fulfil?

A

They have to establish rapport with probationers, but also must supervise them.

40
Q

Where do probation officers exercise discretion?

A
  • Reporting of breaches.

- Changes in conditions.

41
Q

What direction is probation heading in?

A

Towards the direction of control and surveillance, and away from support.

42
Q

What is the issue related with probation?

A

High caseloads, and concerns related to accountability and liability of probation officers.

43
Q

How is there a growing number of special categories of offenders?

A
  • Mental health problems.

- Sex offenders.

44
Q

How is there a growing number of special categories of offenders?

A
  • Mental health problems.

- Sex offenders.

45
Q

What does intensive supervision involve?

A
  • More rigorous/restrictive conditions.
  • Increased monitoring.
  • More intensive treatment interventions.
  • Reduced caseloads for probation officers.
46
Q

What is intensive supervision supposed to do?

A

Represent a balance between minimal supervision of regular probation and absolute control in incarceration.

47
Q

What are assumptions that are made about intensive supervision?

A
  • Provide better surveillance of and support for offenders.
  • Reduces prison admissions and operational costs (relying less on prison).
  • Offers greater protection of the public.
48
Q

What does research say about intensive supervision?

A
  • There’s no evidence that it reduces costs or prison overcrowding.
  • Approaches that include treatment have been associated with reductions in recidivism.
49
Q

Why are more breaches commonly reported in intensive supervision?

A

With such close monitoring and strict conditions, more offenders get found to be in violation of their conditions, and get sent to prison.

50
Q

To whom are conditional sentences available?

A

To offenders who would otherwise have been incarcerated for a period of less than 2 years.

51
Q

Are conditional sentences the same as probation?

A

No.

52
Q

What is the difference between conditional sentences and probation?

A

Rehabilitation is the focus of probation, while conditional sentences focus on being punitive.

53
Q

Usage of conditional sentences has steadily ___ since 1966 but has since levelled off in recent years; the SSCA will likely result in a ___ in usage.

A

Increased, decline.

54
Q

Which provinces see more conditional sentences?

A

Ontario, Quebec, and B.C..

55
Q

Judges say that they would use these sentence more if…

A

There were more resources in the community.

56
Q

One of the elements of the SSCA is to add restrictions to the use of ___ ___.

A

Conditional sentences.

57
Q

When are conditional sentences more often used?

A

Property cases, rather than physical harm.

58
Q

In cases where conditional sentences are used for physical harm crimes, what is the backlash?

A

Community members and victims perceive it as woefully inadequate.

59
Q

Like probation, conditional sentences have ___ and ___ conditions.

A

Standard and optional.

60
Q

Like probation, conditional sentences have ___ and ___ conditions.

A

Standard and optional.

61
Q

Is breaching a conditional sentence a new offence?

A

No.

62
Q

What can judges do in cases of a breach in conditional sentences?

A
  • Take no action.
  • Change the optional conditions.
  • Suspend the order and order the person to be incarcerated for a portion of their sentence.
  • Terminate order entirely and send them to prison for the remainder of their sentence.
63
Q

What can judges do in cases of a breach in conditional sentences?

A
  • Take no action.
  • Change the optional conditions.
  • Suspend the order and order the person to be incarcerated for a portion of their sentence.
  • Terminate order entirely and send them to prison for the remainder of their sentence.
64
Q

What does it mean when it is said that electronic monitoring is used in both “front-end” and “back-end” contexts?

A

It can be used to monitor offenders serving sentences in the community or offenders on parole.

65
Q

What does electronic monitoring do?

A

Uses GPS technology to continuously track offenders (but cannot prevent crime).

66
Q

When is electronic monitoring primarily used?

A

Low-risk offenders, which is counter to the RNR model.

67
Q

What issues have been raised with electronic monitoring?

A
  • Issues regarding efficacy.
  • High rate of technical malfunctions.
  • Failure to identify locations accurately.
  • False alarms.
  • Impact on the offender’s families.
68
Q

What is front end electronic monitoring?

A

Using EM to monitor offenders serving sentences in the community.

69
Q

What is back end electronic monitoring?

A

Decisions made by the CSC of PBC, where EM is used to monitor the early release of offenders from prison term into parole.

70
Q

EM can tell you ___, but not ___.

A

Where someone is, but not what they are doing.

71
Q

Does EM prevent crime, and does it mean safer communities or greater compliance with conditions?

A

Not necessarily.

72
Q

When is EM considered to be useful?

A

When monitoring higher risk offenders.

73
Q

EM was eliminated in 2011, but CSC and PBC…

A

Can now require certain offenders to wear a monitoring device.

74
Q

How can EM impact family members?

A

Parents with young kids may not be ale to go to park, and children may feel punished.

75
Q

Being confined for long periods of time can result in the ___ Effect.

A

Intensification.

76
Q

What is the Intensification Effect?

A

Homes with tension and conflict can become worse with the use of EM.

J - SOC 327 Lecture (2/2) (13 decks)

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