CHAPTER 10 - Carbs, metabolism, and cellular respiration basics

Question 1

What roles are carboyhydrates directly involved in living cells and organisms?

Answer 1

Signalling, Structure and Source of stored energy

Question 2

examples of stored energy?

Answer 2

monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, etc.), disaccharides (e.g. sucrose, lactose, etc.), polysaccharides (e.g. glycogen in animals & starch in plants)

Question 3

Example of Structure?

Answer 3

Structure: Cellulose (a polymer of glucose, joined together with harder-to-digest bonds) helps support cells/tissues in plants (e.g. cell walls, wood, etc.)

Question 4

Example of Signalling?

Answer 4

Signalling: There are short chains of sugars (i.e. oligosaccharides) attached to the proteins (i.e. glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) of plasma membranes, which are essential for cell-cell signalling (e.g. cell recognition by immune systems, etc.)

Question 5

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Carbon (C) + water (H20)

Question 6

What are monomers?

Answer 6

Monosaccharides (aka simple sugars), can have different structures and numbers of carbons in the ring.

Question 7

What are dimers?

Answer 7

disaccharides (aka double sugars) can be formed by joining different monomers with different kinds of bonds (e.g. lactose is hard to digest

Question 8

What are polymers?

Answer 8

polysaccharides (e.g. starch, glycogen, and cellulose). These 3 polysaccharides are chains of glucose, but their source, branching, & bonds, etc., can differ.

Question 9

Imagine that you just swallowed a sugar cube (made of sucrose). Name two proteins that must directly interact with this sugar before your cells can begin to use this sugar as fuel for cellular respiration. Justify each choice

Answer 9

-A digestive enzyme because disaccharides are too
large to enter a cell via transport proteins, so the
bond joining glucose & fructose must first be broken.

-A membrane transport protein/channel/pump,
because sugars are polar and relatively large,
so they cannot enter the cell via the
phospholipid bilayer.

Question 10

What is metabolism?

Answer 10

a set of biochemical reactions that transform biomolecules & transfers energy

Question 11

2 types of metabolism are…?

Answer 11

Anabolism and Catabolism.

Question 12

What is anabolism?

Answer 12

builds larger biomolecules that can store energy

Question 13

What is catabolism?

Answer 13

breaks down biomolecules to release their energy for making ATP

Question 14

What types of metabolic reactions are photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Answer 14

Both Anabolic and Catabolic
Photosynthesis: light energy is absorbed and used to build glucose out of CO2 and H20
Cellular Respiration: As glucose is broken down into CO2 and H20, the energy stored in glucose is released and used to make many ATP.

Question 15

Can catabolism break down polymers into monomers?

Answer 15

Yes, which releases some energy that can be used to turn ADP + Pi –> ATP

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE
Anabolism cannot join monomers to build polymers

Answer 16

FALSE, it can build monomers to polymers to store energy and build larger structures of life (requires energy realized as ATP —> ADP + Pi

Question 17

What is cellular repiration?

Answer 17

a series of controlled reactions, that release and capture smaller portions of energy, which can be stored in many ATP.

Question 18

What are the 3 steps of Cellular respiration when 6 carbon —> glucose.

Answer 18

1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate
3) Citric Acid Cycle

Question 19

Step 1 is…..?

Answer 19

1) GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose (6 C) is broken into two Pyruvate molecules (3 C)

Question 20

Step 2 is…..?

Answer 20

2) Pyruvate
Each Pyruvate (3 C) is converted to Acetyl-CoA (2 C)
as one CO2 is released. (so 2 CO2 released in total)

Question 21

Step 3 is…..?

Answer 21

3) Citric Acid Cycle
Each Acteyl-CoA (2 C) goes through a series of reactions
that finish breaking it down to two CO2 molecules.
(so 4 CO2 released in total, per glucose molecule)

Question 22

What are the 4 steps on how and when ATP is made and how O2 is converted into H2O?

Answer 22

1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate
3) Citric Acid Cycle
4) Electron transport and Cehmiomosis

Question 23

Step 1 is….?

Answer 23

1) Glycolysis
-2 ATP are made using the energy released in this step
-Electron carriers capture high-energy electrons

Question 24

Step 2 is….?

Answer 24

2) Pyruvate processing
-No ATP made.
-Electron carriers capture high-energy electrons

Question 25

Step 3 is…?

Answer 25

3) Citric Acid Cycle
-2 ATP are made.
-Electron carriers capture high-energy electrons

Question 26

Step 4 is….?

Answer 26

4)