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MicroBilology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Simplest beta-lactams are effective against what?

A

aerobic Gram Negative

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2
Q

Ideal Antimicrobial Agent is

A

readily availale

inexpensive

cheically stable

easily administered

nontixic and nonalergenic

selectively toxic against wide range of pathogens

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3
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Streptomycin

Erythromycin

Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

are drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in what karyotic ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes which are 70s (30s and 50s)

Mitochondria of animals and humans contain 70s ribosomes

Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80s (40s and 60s)

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4
Q

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

-humans somewhat susceptible because?

A

cholesterol similar to ergosterol

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5
Q

Spectrum of Action acts in two ways what are those?

A

narrow and broad spectrum

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6
Q

Disruptioin to Cytoplasmic Membrane

Some drugs act against cytoplasmic membranes, what are those drugs?

A

some parasitic drugs

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7
Q

Disruption of Cyoplasmic Membranes

What drugs from a channel through the cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity

A

Amphotericin B

nystatin

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8
Q

Antimicrobial drugs constitute largest….

A

Antimicrobial drugs constitute largest number of diversity of antimicrobial agents

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9
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

what drug acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase (releaves stress as DNA is unwound)

A

Quinolones and fluroquinololnes

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10
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Nucleotide analogs interfere with the function of?

A

nucleic acids

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11
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

Produce enzyme that destoys or deactivates drug such as beta-lactamase, how does that happen?

A

If our body makes Beta-Lactam the bacteria will then make the enzyme Beta-Lactamase to hinder the drugs use aginst it

NOW we make Clavulanic acid…it is belived bacteria will soon be reistant to that. bacteria makes the ristant faster than we can build against it

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12
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Beta-lactams weaken what part of the bacteria?

A

Baceria’s cell wall which evenutally lyse

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13
Q

Coined the term ‘antibiotics’ antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms

A

Selman Waksman

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14
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

Nucleotide Analogs are most often used against what?

what drug inhibits RNA and DNA replication?

A

against viruses

Ribavirin

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15
Q

How do bacteria become resistanc to anitbiotics?

A

new mutations in chromosonal genes

Acquisition of R-plasmids via tranformation transduction and conjugation.

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16
Q

Chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective than naturally occurring ones b/c they have a larger spectrum of action

A

Semisynthetic

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17
Q

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membrane

why are some Bacterial not susceptible to Amphotercin B?

A

because they lack sterols

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18
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

blocks met-tRNA docking

A

Streptomycin

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19
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

inhibitors of RNA polymerase during transcription affect acterial RNApoly, what drugs?

A

Actinomycin and rifampicin

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20
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

Nucleotide analongs distort shapes of nucleic acids molecules and also prevent what other 3 processes?

A

replication, Transcription and Translation

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21
Q

Antimicrobial that are completely synthesized in a lab

A

Synthetics

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22
Q

where does the plate clear

A

3.1 first clear plate (MBC)

pour on plate for test

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23
Q

Few drugs to treat….

A

eukaryotic infections

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24
Q

Routes of Administration of antibiotic

Study These Flashcards
A

Topical application - of drug for external infections

Oral route - requires no needles and is self adminstered

Intramuscular adminstration - delivers drug via needle into muscle

Intravenous adminstration - delivers drug directly to bloodstream

(the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a difficult one to cross for brain infections

25
Braod Spectrum effective against many organisms May allow for? Can kill what time of bacteria in our body?
may allow for secondary or superinfections to develop Killing of normal flora reduces microbial anagonism
26
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis blocks tRNA docking site (A-site)
Tetracycline
27
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, methicillin are?
Beta-lactams
28
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways what agents can be effective when metabolic processes of pathogen and host differ
Antimetabolic agents
29
Discovered sulfanilamide, the first commercially available antibiotic
Gerhard Dmagk
30
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways What drugs prevent prevent viral upcoating
Amantadine, rimantadine, and weak organic bases
31
Key is selective...
toxicity
32
Disruptioin to Cytoplasmic Membrane what drug binds to LPS and disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of gram negative and is toxic to human kidneys?
Polymyxin
33
Safety and Side Effects Toxicity causes many adverse reactions poorly understood Drugs can be toxic to what orgains? Tetracyclines can become incorporated into what parts of are body? effects pregnant woman too.
Kidneys, Liver, or Nerves Tetracyclines can become incorportated into bones and teeth of fetus, distroys gums in teeth and causes hairy black toungue
34
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis Nucleotide Analogs are effective against rapidly dividing what cells.
Cancer Cells
35
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis blocks the catalytic site
Chloramphenicol
36
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming pores
Amphotercin B
37
Prevention of virus attachement What blocks viral attachment or receptor proteins and is a new are of antimicrobial drug developments?
Attachment antagonists (sugar analogues)
38
Drugs that treat infections
Antimicrobial agents
39
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Drugs that Interfere with bridges that link NAM subunits in many gram-positives
Vancomycin and Cycloserine
40
Calvulanic acid is an inhibitor to what enzyme that bacteria make now?
Beta-lactamase Clavulanic acid is a Beta-Lactamase inhibitor, actin cooperactively with beta-lactas.
41
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm
Bacitracin
42
Narrow-spectrum is effective against how many organisms?
Few organisms
43
discovered "magic bullet" arsenic compounds that killed microbes
Paul Ehrlich
44
What test is this and what number is the inhibition?
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test 1.6 mic inhibitory
45
What test is this, what number is the zone end on?
.75 E test aspects of Kirby-bauer and MIC test
46
Disruptioin to Cytoplasmic Membrane what inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungi?
Azoles (fluconazole) and Allylamines (terinafine)
47
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis ## Footnote Bind to enymes that cross-linkage NAM subunits
beta-lactam
48
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis inhibitors of RNA polymerase during transcription affect fungal RNApoly, what drug?
5-fluorocytosine
49
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Creates alanine-alanine etrapeptide crosslinking
Vancomycin
50
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways What interfere with an enzyme HIV needs in its replication cycle
Protease inhibitors
51
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis blocks A-to-P site transfer
Erythromycin
52
Safety and Side Effects Allergic reactions are rare but may be life threatening leading to what kind of shock?
anaphylactic shock (causing swelling)
53
discovered Penicillin released from Penicillium
Alexander Fleming
54
**Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis** ## Footnote \_\_\_\_\_\_is part of the core structure of several antibiotic families, the principal ones being the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, which are, therefore, also called what? Nearly all of these antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
Beta-lactam β-lactamantibiotics.
55
Even fewer drugs of..
antiviral
56
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis Reverse transcriptase inhibitors act against an enzyme that what virus uses in its replication? Do not harm poeple because humans lack what?
Acts agaisnt enzyme in HIV humans lack reverse transcriptase
57
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Disrupts mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species
Isoniazid and Ethambutol
58
**Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis** ## Footnote most common agent prevent..(hint Beta Lactam)
cross-linkage of NAM subunits

MicroBilology (9 decks)

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