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MicroBilology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Simplest beta-lactams are effective against what?

A

aerobic Gram Negative

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2
Q

Ideal Antimicrobial Agent is

A

readily availale

inexpensive

cheically stable

easily administered

nontixic and nonalergenic

selectively toxic against wide range of pathogens

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3
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Streptomycin

Erythromycin

Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

are drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in what karyotic ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes which are 70s (30s and 50s)

Mitochondria of animals and humans contain 70s ribosomes

Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80s (40s and 60s)

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4
Q

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes

-humans somewhat susceptible because?

A

cholesterol similar to ergosterol

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5
Q

Spectrum of Action acts in two ways what are those?

A

narrow and broad spectrum

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6
Q

Disruptioin to Cytoplasmic Membrane

Some drugs act against cytoplasmic membranes, what are those drugs?

A

some parasitic drugs

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7
Q

Disruption of Cyoplasmic Membranes

What drugs from a channel through the cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity

A

Amphotericin B

nystatin

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8
Q

Antimicrobial drugs constitute largest….

A

Antimicrobial drugs constitute largest number of diversity of antimicrobial agents

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9
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

what drug acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase (releaves stress as DNA is unwound)

A

Quinolones and fluroquinololnes

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10
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Nucleotide analogs interfere with the function of?

A

nucleic acids

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11
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

Produce enzyme that destoys or deactivates drug such as beta-lactamase, how does that happen?

A

If our body makes Beta-Lactam the bacteria will then make the enzyme Beta-Lactamase to hinder the drugs use aginst it

NOW we make Clavulanic acid…it is belived bacteria will soon be reistant to that. bacteria makes the ristant faster than we can build against it

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12
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Beta-lactams weaken what part of the bacteria?

A

Baceria’s cell wall which evenutally lyse

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13
Q

Coined the term ‘antibiotics’ antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms

A

Selman Waksman

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14
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

Nucleotide Analogs are most often used against what?

what drug inhibits RNA and DNA replication?

A

against viruses

Ribavirin

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15
Q

How do bacteria become resistanc to anitbiotics?

A

new mutations in chromosonal genes

Acquisition of R-plasmids via tranformation transduction and conjugation.

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16
Q

Chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective than naturally occurring ones b/c they have a larger spectrum of action

A

Semisynthetic

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17
Q

Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membrane

why are some Bacterial not susceptible to Amphotercin B?

A

because they lack sterols

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18
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

blocks met-tRNA docking

A

Streptomycin

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19
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

inhibitors of RNA polymerase during transcription affect acterial RNApoly, what drugs?

A

Actinomycin and rifampicin

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20
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

Nucleotide analongs distort shapes of nucleic acids molecules and also prevent what other 3 processes?

A

replication, Transcription and Translation

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21
Q

Antimicrobial that are completely synthesized in a lab

A

Synthetics

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22
Q

where does the plate clear

A

3.1 first clear plate (MBC)

pour on plate for test

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23
Q

Few drugs to treat….

A

eukaryotic infections

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24
Q

Routes of Administration of antibiotic

A

Topical application - of drug for external infections

Oral route - requires no needles and is self adminstered

Intramuscular adminstration - delivers drug via needle into muscle

Intravenous adminstration - delivers drug directly to bloodstream

(the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a difficult one to cross for brain infections

25
Q

Braod Spectrum effective against many organisms

May allow for?

Can kill what time of bacteria in our body?

A

may allow for secondary or superinfections to develop

Killing of normal flora reduces microbial anagonism

26
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

blocks tRNA docking site (A-site)

A

Tetracycline

27
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, methicillin are?

A

Beta-lactams

28
Q

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

what agents can be effective when metabolic processes of pathogen and host differ

A

Antimetabolic agents

29
Q

Discovered sulfanilamide, the first commercially available antibiotic

A

Gerhard Dmagk

30
Q

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

What drugs prevent prevent viral upcoating

A

Amantadine, rimantadine, and weak organic bases

31
Q

Key is selective…

A

toxicity

32
Q

Disruptioin to Cytoplasmic Membrane

what drug binds to LPS and disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of gram negative and is toxic to human kidneys?

A

Polymyxin

33
Q

Safety and Side Effects

Toxicity causes many adverse reactions poorly understood

Drugs can be toxic to what orgains?

Tetracyclines can become incorporated into what parts of are body? effects pregnant woman too.

A

Kidneys, Liver, or Nerves

Tetracyclines can become incorportated into bones and teeth of fetus, distroys gums in teeth and causes hairy black toungue

34
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

Nucleotide Analogs are effective against rapidly dividing what cells.

A

Cancer Cells

35
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

blocks the catalytic site

A

Chloramphenicol

36
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

__________attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming pores

A

Amphotercin B

37
Q

Prevention of virus attachement

What blocks viral attachment or receptor proteins and is a new are of antimicrobial drug developments?

A

Attachment antagonists (sugar analogues)

38
Q

Drugs that treat infections

A

Antimicrobial agents

39
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Drugs that Interfere with bridges that link NAM subunits in many gram-positives

A

Vancomycin and Cycloserine

40
Q

Calvulanic acid is an inhibitor to what enzyme that bacteria make now?

A

Beta-lactamase

Clavulanic acid is a Beta-Lactamase inhibitor, actin cooperactively with beta-lactas.

41
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm

A

Bacitracin

42
Q

Narrow-spectrum is effective against how many organisms?

A

Few organisms

43
Q

discovered “magic bullet” arsenic compounds that killed microbes

A

Paul Ehrlich

44
Q

What test is this and what number is the inhibition?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test

1.6 mic inhibitory

45
Q

What test is this, what number is the zone end on?

A

.75

E test

aspects of Kirby-bauer and MIC test

46
Q

Disruptioin to Cytoplasmic Membrane

what inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungi?

A

Azoles (fluconazole) and Allylamines (terinafine)

47
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Bind to enymes that cross-linkage NAM subunits

A

beta-lactam

48
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

inhibitors of RNA polymerase during transcription affect fungal RNApoly, what drug?

A

5-fluorocytosine

49
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Creates alanine-alanine etrapeptide crosslinking

A

Vancomycin

50
Q

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways

What interfere with an enzyme HIV needs in its replication cycle

A

Protease inhibitors

51
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

blocks A-to-P site transfer

A

Erythromycin

52
Q

Safety and Side Effects

Allergic reactions are rare but may be life threatening leading to what kind of shock?

A

anaphylactic shock (causing swelling)

53
Q

discovered Penicillin released from Penicillium

A

Alexander Fleming

54
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

______is part of the core structure of several antibiotic families, the principal ones being the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, which are, therefore, also called what? Nearly all of these antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

A

Beta-lactam

β-lactamantibiotics.

55
Q

Even fewer drugs of..

A

antiviral

56
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Sythesis

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors act against an enzyme that what virus uses in its replication?

Do not harm poeple because humans lack what?

A

Acts agaisnt enzyme in HIV

humans lack reverse transcriptase

57
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Disrupts mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species

A

Isoniazid and Ethambutol

58
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

most common agent prevent..(hint Beta Lactam)

A

cross-linkage of NAM subunits

MicroBilology (9 decks)

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