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Psychology 101 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how behaviour changes over the life span

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2
Q

Post Hoc Fallacy

A

False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

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3
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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4
Q

Cohort Effect

A

Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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5
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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6
Q

Gene-Environment Interaction

A

Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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7
Q

Nature via Nurture

A

Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

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8
Q

Gene Expression

A

Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

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9
Q

Prenatal

A

Prior to birth

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10
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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11
Q

Blastocyst

A

Ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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12
Q

Embryo

A

Second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form

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13
Q

Fetus

A

Period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change

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14
Q

Teratogen

A

An environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on parental development

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15
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

A

Condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations and behavioural disorders

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16
Q

Motor Behaviour

A

Bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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17
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

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18
Q

Puberty

A

The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

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19
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

A physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

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20
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristic

A

A sex - differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men

21
Q

Menarche

A

Start of Menstration

22
Q

Spermarche

A

Boys first ejaculation

23
Q

Menopause

A

The termination of menstruation, making the end of a women’s reproductive potential

24
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember

25
Q

Assimilation

A

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structure

26
Q

Accommodation

A

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

27
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

28
Q

Object Permanence

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

29
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Stage in Piaget’ theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet preform operations on them

30
Q

Conservation

A

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

31
Q

Concrete Operations Stage

A

Stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to preform mental operations on physical events only

32
Q

Formal Operations Stage

A

Stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to preform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

33
Q

Scaffolding

A

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

34
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

35
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Ability to reason about what other people know or believe

36
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

A fear of strangers developing at age 8 or 9 months old

37
Q

Temperament

A

Basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

38
Q

Attachment

A

The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

39
Q

Contact Comfort

A

positive emotions afforded by touch

40
Q

Mono-operation Bias

A

Drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

41
Q

Average Expectable Environment

A

Environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

42
Q

Self-Control

A

Ability to inhibit an impulse to act

43
Q

Gender identity

A

Individuals’ sense of being male or female

44
Q

Gender Role

A

A set of behaviours that tend to be associated with being male or female

45
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of who we are, and our life goals and priorities

46
Q

Psychosocial Crisis

A

Dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people

47
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

Period of life between the ages of 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified

48
Q

Midlife Crisis

A

Supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

49
Q

Empty-Nest Syndrome

A

Alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

Psychology 101 (6 decks)

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