Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology Definition

Answer 1

Study of the mind, brain and behaviour

Question 2

Levels of Psychological Analysis

Answer 2

Social Culture Influences

• Social or Behavioural Level
• Involves relating to others and personal relationships

Psychological

• Mental or neurological level
• Involves thoughts, feelings, and emotions

Biological

• Molecular or Neurochemical
• Involves molecules and brain structure

Question 3

Multiple Determined

Answer 3

Caused by many factors

Question 4

Individual Differences

Answer 4

Variations among people in their thinking, emotions, personality and behaviour

Question 5

Naive Realism

Answer 5

Belief that we see the world precisely as it is (the Upside down pictures)

Question 6

Scientific Theory

Answer 6

Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Question 7

Hypothesis

Answer 7

Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory

Question 8

Confirmation Bias

Answer 8

Tendency or Seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them

Question 9

Belief Perseverance

Answer 9

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Question 10

Metaphysical Claim

Answer 10

Assertion about the world that is not testable (ex. The existence of god)

Question 11

Pseudoscience

Answer 11

Set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t

Question 12

Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Answer 12

Escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification

Question 13

Apophenia

Answer 13

Tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena

Question 14

Pareidolia

Answer 14

Tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli (ex. Face on mars)

Question 15

Terror Management theory

Answer 15

Theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror with which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural world views

Question 16

Scientific Skepticism

Answer 16

Approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

Question 17

Critical Thinking

Answer 17

Set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open minded and careful fashion

Question 18

Six Principles of Scientific Thinking

Answer 18

• Ruling out rival Hypotheses
• Correlation vs Causation
• Falsifiability
• Replicability
• Extraordinary Claims
• Occam’s Razor

Question 19

Correlation - Causation Fallacy

Answer 19

Error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other

Question 20

Variable

Answer 20

Anything that can vary

Question 21

Falsifiable

Answer 21

Capable of being disproved

Question 22

Risky Prediction

Answer 22

Forecast that stands a good chance of being wrong

Question 23

Replicability

Answer 23

When a study’s findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators

Question 24

Introspection

Answer 24

Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

Question 25

Structuralism

Answer 25

School of psychology that arrived to identify the basic elements of psychological experience

Question 26

Functionalism

Answer 26

School of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purpose of psychological characteristics

Question 27

Natural Selection

Answer 27

Principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms

Question 28

Behaviourism

Answer 28

School of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour

Question 29

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 29

School of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour

Question 30

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 30

Relatively new field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking

Question 31

Psychology

Answer 31

School of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware

Question 32

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 32

Disciplines that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour

Question 33

Basic Research

Answer 33

Research examining how the mind works

Question 34

Applied Research

Answer 34

research examining how we can use basic research to solv real-world problems