Chapter 10 Flashcards
A circular doe folded structure
Basin
When rocks break into smaller pieces
Brittle deformation
Differential stress that shortens a rock body, even pressure on all sides
Compressional stress
General term for the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces
Deformation
Forces that are unequal in different directions
Differential stress
The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal. The direction of dip is at right angle to the strike
Dip
A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault
Dip-slip fault
A roughly circular unfolded structure
Dome
A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the size of a rock body without fracturing.
Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high
Ductile deformation
A break in a rock mass along which movement had occurred
Fault
A cliff created by movement along a fault. It represents the exposed surface of the fault prior to modification by weathering and erosion
Fault scarp
A bent layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed
Fold
That which tends to put stationary objects in motion or changes the motions of moving objects
Force
A valley formed by the downloaded displacement of a fault-bounded block
Graben
A tilted fault block in which the higher side is associated with mountainous topography and the lower side is a basin that fills with sediment
Half-Graben
An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults
Horst
A fracture in rock along which there has been no movement
Joint
A remnant of outlier of a thrust sheet that was isolated by erosion
Klippe
A one-limbed flexes in strata. The strata are usually flat-lying or very gently dipping down on both sides of the monocline
Monocline
A fault in which the rock above fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below
Normal fault
A fault in which the material above the fault planes moves up in relation to the material above
Reverse fault
Stress that causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide past one another
Shear
An irreversible change in the shape and size of a rock body caused by stress
Strain
The force per unit areas acting on any surface within a solid
Stress
The compass direction of the line of intersection created by a dipping bed or fault and a horizontal surface. Is always perpendicular to the direction of dip.
Strike
A fault along which the movement is horizontal
Strike-slip fault
A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline
Syncline
The type of stress that tends to pull a body apart
Tensional stress
A low-angle reverse fault
Thrust fault
A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates
Transform fault
Where axial planes intersects folded strata
Hinge line
Beds dip at about the same angle, but in opposite directions in
Symmetrical fold
Axial plane is inclined and limbs in opposite directions, but at different angles
Asymmetrical fold
Axial plane is inclined and both limbs dip in the same direction
Overturned fold
Divides a fold into two symmetrical halves
Axial plane
Occurs when the hinge line is not horizontal and the fold appears to plunge into the ground
Plunging fold
The rock surface immediately above a fault
Hanging wall
The rock surface below a fault
Footwall
A fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch
Anticline
