Chapter 10 Flashcards
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What are the main sources of energy for cells?
Cells derive energy from food, which stores chemical energy from the sun via photosynthesis in plants. This energy is used by mitochondria in eukaryotic cells for cellular respiration.
How do energy and chemical elements flow in ecosystems?
Sunlight enters ecosystems as energy, while chemical elements like carbon and oxygen are recycled between organisms.
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis generates oxygen and organic molecules used as fuel by mitochondria for cellular respiration, which breaks down these molecules to produce ATP, CO2, and H2O.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + Heat)
What are catabolic pathways?
What is the difference between fermentation and aerobic respiration?
Catabolic pathways break down complex organic molecules to release stored energy, such as the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.
Fermentation is the partial breakdown of sugars without oxygen, producing less ATP, while aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose, yielding maximum ATP.
What are oxidation and reduction in redox reactions?
How is energy released in redox reactions?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons.
Energy is released when electrons move from a substance being oxidized to one being reduced, moving towards more electronegative atoms like oxygen.
What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
How does NADH contribute to the electron transport chain?
NAD+ acts as an electron carrier, capturing electrons from glucose and forming NADH, which carries high-energy electrons to later stages of respiration.
NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are transferred through protein complexes, releasing energy used to produce ATP.
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
The ETC transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 through protein complexes, releasing energy to pump protons and create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.
Oxygen (O2) acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with electrons and protons to form water.
What is chemiosmosis?
How does ATP synthase produce ATP?
Chemiosmosis is the process where the energy from a proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, driving the conversion of ADP to ATP.
What is glycolysis and where does it occur?
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
What are the net products of glycolysis per glucose molecule?
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, occurring in the cytosol.
Energy Investment Phase and Energy Payoff Phase.
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
What happens during pyruvate oxidation?
What are the main products of the citric acid cycle per acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, producing CO2 and NADH.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2.
What are the two main processes in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the role of the electron transport chain?
How is ATP produced during chemiosmosis?
How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron transport and chemiosmosis.
The electron transport chain transfers electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen, releasing energy used to pump protons
ATP is produced as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, driving the conversion of ADP to ATP.
and create a proton gradient.
Approximately 32 ATP molecules.
What is fermentation and how does it differ from cellular respiration?
What are the two types of fermentation?
Fermentation is an anaerobic process that generates ATP without using oxygen or an electron transport chain, producing less ATP compared to cellular respiration.
Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
How do cells regulate catabolism and anabolism?
How is phosphofructokinase regulated?
What is the role of feedback mechanisms in metabolic regulation?
Cells regulate these processes by controlling key enzymes at strategic points in metabolic pathways, such as phosphofructokinase in glycolysis.
It is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP and citrate.
Feedback mechanisms ensure that pathways are adjusted based on cellular needs, preventing waste and maintaining balance.
