Chapter 10

Question 1

What is the t-score?

Answer 1

A T-score represents how much a specific value deviates from the mean of its distribution, expressed in relation to an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation (the standard error).

Question 2

Define unbiased parameter.

Answer 2

Unbiased estimate: An estimate of a parameter that, on average, exactly
equals the value of the parameter

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a t- t-distribution?

Answer 3

1. They are symmetrical.
2. They are unimodal.
3. They have means of zero.

Question 4

What does the shape of the t distribution depend on?

Answer 4

Shape of t distribution depends on degrees of freedom (df)

Question 5

The difference between the normal and the t distribution is mainly in the
__________.

Answer 5

The difference between the normal and the t distribution is mainly in the
tails. The t distribution is leptokurtic (i.e., more peaked) and tends to have more
area in the tails than does the normal distribution.

Question 6

When to use single means?

Answer 6

One-sample t-test: When you want to test if the mean of a sample is different from a known value (e.g., the population mean).

Question 7

When to use dependant and independent means?

Answer 7

Independent means: Used when comparing two different, unrelated groups.

Dependent means: Used when comparing measurements from the same group at different points or under different conditions.

Question 8

Differentiate between within and between participant designs.

Answer 8

Within-participants design: The same participants serve in both the control
group and the treatment group

Between-participants design: Different participants are randomly assigned
to the control and treatment group

Question 9

What is matched group design?

Answer 9

Matched-groups design: Participants are matched on some variable related to
the response measure.

Students are paired based on similar past math scores. One student from each pair is taught with Method A, and the other with Method B.

Question 10

Advantages of matched group designs?

Answer 10

• Reduces variability between groups.
• Controls for confounding variables.
• Produces more reliable results.
• Requires fewer participants.

Question 11

What advantages of within participant groups?

Answer 11

• Valuable in Social Sciences: Reduces participant variability.
• Sensitive to the Null: More accurate despite fewer degrees of freedom.
• Lower Error Term: Reducing error impacts results more than degree loss.

Question 12

What is the disadvantage of within participant groups?

Answer 12

There are situations, however, where within-participants designs should not
be used. Sometimes the performance of the control task carries over to the
experimental task.