Chapter 10

Question 1

Glaciers

Answer 1

Compacted ice that flows slowly over the Earth’s surface. Cover about 10% of Earth’s land surface and hold about 70% of Earth’s freshwater

Question 2

Snow

Answer 2

Ice that is crystallized in the atmosphere directly from water vapour

Question 3

Sea ice

Answer 3

Floating ice that accounts for two thirds of Earth’s persistent ice cover

Question 4

Frozen ground

Answer 4

Ice in the pore spaces of soil and surface sediment occurs beneath about 20% of Earth’s land surface

Question 5

Albedo

Answer 5

Reflection of incoming solar radiation

Question 6

Annual snowline

Answer 6

Boundary between areas that lose their snow in summer and those that don’t

Question 7

Glaciers

Answer 7

Large accumulations of perennial ice that flow under the forces exerted by their own mass and gravity.

Question 8

Plastic flow or creep

Answer 8

Ice deforms slowly over time

Question 9

Laminar

Answer 9

Ice crystals move along smoothly curving lines

Question 10

Crevasses

Answer 10

Deep and hazardous cracks in the ice caused by upper layer being forced to deform

Question 11

Accumulation

Answer 11

Addition of mass to a glacier through snow, hail, freezing rain, or avalanches from adjacent slopes

Question 12

Ablation

Answer 12

Removal f mass from a glacier through melting, sublimation, iceberg calving and wind erosion