Chapter 10 Flashcards
Antigen
substance that stimulates the body to produce antibodies against it; on red blood cells
Antibody
protein that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen, found in blood serum
Blood Type A
Antigen: A
Antibody: Anti-B
Blood Type B
Antigen: B
Antibody: Anti-A
Blood Type AB
Antigen: AB
Antibody: Neither Anti-A or Anti-B
Blood Type O
Antigen: Neither A nor B
Antibody: Anti-A and Anti-B
Agglutination
The clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody
Serology
the study of antigen-antibody reactions
Antiserums: A
A is agglutinated by Anti-A
Antiserums: B
B is agglutinated by Anti-B
Antiserums: AB
AB is agglutinated by Anti-A and Anti-B
Antiserums: O
not agglutinated by either Anti-A or Anti-B
Benzidine Test
color test replaced with Kastle-Meyer because it was a carcinogen
Kastle-Meyer Test
(phenolphthalein); Based on hemoglobin’s peroxidase-like activity; will create a deep pink color
Luminol/Bluestar
Makes blood fluoresce in the dark
Microcrystalline Tests
add chemicals to blood to form crystals
Precipitin Test
Determines human/animal origin; antibody reacts with antigen to form a precipitate; animals have an anti-human serum that produces a precipitate when in contact with human blood
Polyclonal
antibodies produced by injecting animals with a specific antigen; a series of antibodies are produced responding to a variety of different sites on the antigen
Monoclonal
collection of identical antibodies that interact with a specific antigen site; created with hybridoma cells: fused spleen and tumor cells used to produce identical monoclonal antibodies in a limitless supply
Genes
DNA segments on chromosomes
Chromosomes
composed of DNA and surrounded by proteins
Punnett Square
combines parent genotypes to find child’s genotypes
Genotype
combination of genes present
Phenotype
physical manifestation of a trait
Acid Phosphate Test
AP is an enzyme found in high concentration in semen; with a solution and Fast Blue B dye, it is easily identified (turns purple); can also fluoresce when MUP is added
Microscopic Examination of Semen
problems: ogliospermia (low sperm count) and aspermia (no sperm present; vasectomy)
Prostate Specific Antigen
P30 antigen can be used to identify semen without sperm, positive immunoassay test creates and antibody-antigen-antibody structure shown as a blue line
Collection of Evidence
paper bags, SAEC kit, combings, standard/reference samples, swabs and smears, fingernail scrapings, clothing, urine sample
Living Sperm Survive For…
4-6 Hours
Nonmotile Sperm Found…
3-6 Days
Intact Sperm…
16-72 hours
Samples should be taken from any consensual partner __ hours before assault
72
P30 cannot be detected after…
24 hours
