Chapter 10 Flashcards
Somatic and Special Senses
Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain. Sensory receptors are one of two categories: ___________ or _________.
General Senses
Special Senses
________ Receptors: Changes in chemical concentration
Chemoreceptors
_________ Receptors: Tissue damage
Pain Receptors
_________ Receptors: Temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
_________ Receptors: Changes in pressure or movement
Mechanoreceptors
________ Receptors: Changes in light energy
Photoreceptors
A __________ occurs when the brain becomes aware of a stimulus, and a _________ is a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses.
Sensation
Perception
What does the term projection mean when referring to the brain and sensations? ______________
Projection is when the brain sends sensations back to its point of origin so the body can pinpoint the area of stimulation
During sensory ____________, sensory impulses are sent at decreasing rates until receptors fail to send impulses unless there is a change in strength of the stimulus.
Sensory Adaptation
Free _______ of sensory nerve fibers in the epithelial tissues are associated with touch and pressure.
Nerve Endings
__________ or _________ corpuscles are flattened connective tissue sheaths surrounding two or more nerve fibers and are abundant in hairless areas that are very sensitive to touch, like the lips.
Tactile or Meissner’s
_________ or __________ corpuscles are large structures of connective tissue and cells that resemble the layers of an onion. They detect deep pressure
Lamellated or Pacinian
Temperature receptors include two groups of free nerve endings: __________ receptors and _________ receptors, each of which works best within a specific range of temperatures. Both types of receptors adapt quickly. Temperatures above 45C C and below 100 C stimulate pain receptors.
Warm and Cold
Pain receptors consist of ___________ nerve endings that are stimulated when tissues are damaged. Do they adapt easily? _______
Free
______
________ pain occurs because of the common nerve pathways leading from skin and internal organs. An example would be a heart attack being felt as pain in the arm or as heartburn.
Referred
What is the difference between acute and chronic pain? How do their neurons differ?
Acute pain fibers are myleniated fibers that carry impulses rapidly, cease when the stimulus stops and are usually senses as coming from the skin
Chronic pain fibers are unmyleinated fibers that conduct impulses slowly, produce a dull, achy sensation that is difficult to localize and continue sending impulses after the stimulus stops. Usually sensed as coming from deep tissues
A person becomes aware of pain when impulses reach the __________ in the brain, but the __________ cortex judges the intensity and location of the pain.
Thalamus
Cerebral Cortex
Other areas of the brain regulate the flow of pain impulses from the spinal cord and can trigger the release of chemicals called ___________ and the biogenic amine, ___________, which inhibit the release of pain impulses in the spinal cord.
Other chemicals called _____________ released in the brain provide natural pain control.
Endorphins
What type of receptor are the olfactory receptors? _______ Where are they located? _______
Chemoreceptors
Nose
The receptor cells are ___________ neurons with hairlike ___________ covering the dendrites. The cilia project into the __________ cavity.
When olfactory receptors are stimulated, their fibers synapse with neurons in the __________ lying on either side of the crista galli.
Olfactory Bulbs
Sensory impulses are first analyzed in the olfactory bulbs, then travel along olfactory ________ to the limbic system, and lastly to the olfactory ___________ within the temporal lobes.
Tracts
__________
Do olfactory receptors adapt easily? _______
Yes
__________ _________ are the organs of taste and are located within projections called __________ on the tongue.
Taste Buds
Papillae
Taste cells (gustatory cells) are modified _______________ cells that function as receptors.
Epithelial
Taste cells contain taste _____________ that are the portions sensitive to taste. These protrude from openings called taste __________.
Hairs
Pores
What has to happen to chemicals before they can be tasted (or smelled)? _______
They must dissolve in liquids
How many types of taste receptors are there believed to be? _______
Five
Do taste receptors easily adapt? _______
Taste impulses travel on which three cranial nerves?
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Taste impulses travel to the _________ __________ in the brainstem and then to the gustatory cortex of the ______________.
Medulla Oblongata
Parietal Lobe of the Cerebellum
The external ear consists of the ____________, which collects the sound, and the ________ _______ ________, the canal which transports sound waves toward the middle ear.
Auricle
External Acoustic Meatus
The middle ear begins with the eardrum, called the ____________, and is an air-filled space (tympanic cavity) housing the tiny bones called the _________ _________.
Tympanic Membrane
Auditory Ossicles
What are the names of the three bones? _______
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What happens when the eardrum vibrates against the first of the three bones? ______________
The malleus then vibrates the incus which vibrates the stapes
What opening does the last of the bones lie against? _________________________________
Oval Window
The ____________, or ___________, tube connects the middle ear to the throat, to help maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
Auditory or Eustachian tube
The inner ear is made up of a ______________labyrinth inside a/an _____________ labyrinth.
Membranous
Bony
Between the two labyrinths is a fluid called ____________________.
Perilymph
__________ is the fluid inside the inner labyrinth.
Endolymph
Within the cochlea, the oval window leads to the upper compartment, called the ________ the lower chamber is called the _________ __________.
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Tympani
The scala vestibuli is separated from the cochlear duct by the ___________ membrane.
Vestibular Membrane
The cochlear duct is the middle compartment; it is separated from the lower one by a membrane called the ___________ membrane.
Basilar Membrane
The ___________ organ, or Organ of _________, lies on this membrane. It contains receptors called _________ cells.
Spiral Organ, or Organ of Corti
Hair Cells
The stiff, partial, overhanging membrane in which the ends of these hair cells are embedded, is called the _________ membrane.
Tectorial
The __________ funnels the sound as air waves into the _________ _______ _________, which channels it to the eardrum, called the ____________.
This membrane vibrates, converting the impulses to mechanical waves. This moves the three auditory ossicles, which are (in order) the _________ _______and _________.
Moving the ossicles amplifies the sound. The last one, the ____________, sends sound vibrations to the _________ window of the inner ear.
This sets up waves in the fluid of the inner ear, and causes the flexible lower membrane, called the __________, to move.
The spiral organ rests on this membrane, so it also moves, causing the ___________ cells to bend because they are also embedded in the stiff ___________ membrane.
The sense of equilibrium consists of two parts: _______ and _______ equilibrium.
Static and Dynamic
The organs of static equilibrium are located within a bony chamber, the ________ of the inner ear, inside two expansions of the membranous labyrinth, called the ___________ & ____________.
Vestibule
Utricle and Saccule
A _____________, consisting of hair cells and supporting cells, lies inside these sacs.
Macula
The hair cells are inside a gelatinous material that contains tiny stones called ____________.
Otoliths
Impulses travel to the brain via the __________ branch of the _________ nerve, indicating the position of the head.
Vestibular
Vestibulocochlear
The three _____________ detect motion of the head, and aid in balancing the head and body during sudden movement.
Semicircular Canals
The organs of dynamic equilibrium are called cristae _____________, and are located in the bulbous _____________ of each canal of the inner ear. They are at right angles to each other.
Ampullaris
Ampulla
Hair cells extend into a dome-shaped gelatinous _______.
Cupula
Rapid turning of the head or body generates impulses as the cupula and hair cells bend. Also, mechanoreceptors called ___________, associated with the joints, and the changes detected by the eyes help maintain equilibrium.
Proprioceptors
The ________ protects the eye from foreign objects and contains the thinnest skin of the body. The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid is called the ___________.
Eyelid
Conjunctiva
The _________ apparatus produces tears that lubricate and cleanse the eye. Two small ducts drain tears into the nasal cavity. Tears also contain an antibacterial enzyme called _________.
Lacrimal
Lysozome
The six ____________ muscles of the eye attach to the sclera and move the eye in all directions.
Extrinsic
The outer (fibrous) layer consists of the transparent ___________ at the front of the eye, and the white __________ around the majority of the eye.
Cornea
Sclera
The __________ coat is highly vascular and darkly pigmented, and performs two functions: to nourish other tissues of the eye and to keep the inside of the eye ____________.
Choroid
Eye Dark
The ___________ body forms a ring around the front of the eye. What is its function?
Ciliary Body - it contains ciliary processes, ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments, that hold the lens in position and change its shape to focus images at different distances
The ___________ chamber (between the cornea and iris) and the ______________ chamber (between the iris and vitreous body and housing the lens) make up the ___________ cavity, which is filled
with a fluid called ___________ humor.
______
______
Anterior
Aqueous
What is the ability of the lens to change its shape called? _______ Why is this important?
Accomodation
To be able to focus on objects at different distances
The ___________ is a thin, smooth muscle that adjusts the amount of light entering the _________, an opening in its center.
Iris
Pupil
What are the 2 types of muscle fibers of the iris?
Radial and Circular Muscle Fibers
The inner layer of the eye wall consists of the ___________, which contains photoreceptors. The inner layer covers the back side of the eye, and extends forward to the ciliary body.
Retina
In the center of the retina is the yellow area, the _________ ________, with the _________ _________ in its center, the point of sharpest vision in the eye.
Macula Lutea
Fovea Centralis
Medial to this area is the _________ _________, also called the _________ _________, where nerve fiber leave the eye to become the optic nerve.
Optic Disc, also called the Blind Spot
The large posterior cavity of the eye is filled with gel-like ______________ humor.
Vitreous
Which four parts of the eye accomplish refraction?
Two kinds of modified neurons comprise the visual receptors; elongated _________ and blunt-shaped ________
Rods
Cones
Which is responsible for color vision?
Cones
Which is responsible for black and white vision?
Rods
Which provides vision in dim light?
Rods
The light-sensitive pigment in rods is ___________, or _______, which breaks down into a protein, opsin, and retinal (from vitamin A) in the presence of light. How does this work?
Rhodopsin or Visual Purple
The light-sensitive pigments in cones are also proteins. There are __________ sets of cones, each containing a different visual pigment. How does this work
Three
The wavelength of light determines the color perceived from it; each of the three pigments is most sensitive to different wavelengths of light:
The color perceived depends upon which sets of cones the light stimulates: If all the sets are stimulated, the color is _____________; if none are stimulated, the color is ____________.
White
Black
The axons of ganglion cells leave the eyes to form the _____________ nerves
Opticm called the Optic Chiasma
Fibers from the medial half of the retina cross over in the optic ____________.
Tracts
Impulses are transmitted to the thalamus and then to the visual ___________ of the __________ lobe.
Visual Cortex of the Occipital Lobe
