Chapter 10-11 Flashcards
Arteries
-carry blood away from the heart
3 Functions of the Circulatory System
- transports gasses, food, waste and hormones
- carries molecules and cells that help defend against invading organisms
- distributes heat throughout body
Arterioles
- Small arteries bc arteries branch into many arterioles
- they connect to capillaries for gas/glucose exchange
Vasodilation
When the diameter of arterioles open due to sympathetic nerve impulses
Vasoconstriction
Diameter of arterioles close due to sympathetic nerve impulses
Capillaries
- link arterioles to venules
- exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid
- crushed=bruise
Venules
Small veins
After capillaries
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Low pressure
How does blood go through a vein
One way valves and skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles make the blood move and the valves keep the blood from backtracking
Superior vena cava
VEIN TO THE HEART from the UPPER BODY
Inferior vena cava
VEIN TO THE HEART from LOWER BODY
Pulmonary Artery
artery from RIGHT VENTRICLE to LUNGS
Pulmonary veins
veins from LUNGS to LEFT ATRIUM
Aorta
Artery from the LEFT VENTRICLE to BODY
takes blood to the whole body
Where is the heart
Roughly centre of chest more to the left in thoracic cavity
What prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart?
The septum
What reduces friction around the heart
Pericardium forms a fluid filled sac that reduces friction
All the parts of the heart (O for oxygen, DO for deoxygenated) (15)
DO: superior vena cava DO: pulmonary artery O: pulmonary veins DO: inferior vena cava DO: pulmonary valve/semilunar DO: right atrium DO: right av valve DO: right ventricle O: aortic valve O: left ventricle O: left av valve O: left atrium O: pulmonary veins DO: pulmonary artery O: aorta
Atria
Right: collect deoxygenated blood from body and head and gives to ventricles
Left: collect oxygenated blood from the lungs and gives it to ventricles
Ventricles
Right: pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Left: pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Interventricular septum
Wall of Muscle that separates the right atrium and ventricle from the left Atrium and ventricle
Superior vena cava
Vein to right atrium of the heart from upper body
Carries deoxygenated blood
Inferior vena cava
Vein to right atrium [of the heart] from lower body
Carries deoxygenated blood
Aorta
Artery the left ventricle pumps blood to the body through
Carries oxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
Brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs
Right PA goes to right lungs
Left PA goes to left lungs
Pulmonary veins
Bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Right PV is from right lung
Left PV from left lung
AV valves
Separate atria from ventricles
Prevent back flow of blood from ventricles into atria
Pulmonary valve
Allows deoxygenated blood from right ventricle into pulmonary artery, but does not allow it to flow back into ventricle
Aortic Valve
Allows oxygenated blood to flow from left ventricle to the aorta, but not to return back to ventricle
What happens when the atria contracts
AV valves open
What happens when ventricles contract
AV valves close
3 circulatory systems
1) pulmonary circulation
2) coronary circulation
3) systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Coronary circulation
From heart chambers to hear muscles and back to heart chambers
Systemic circulation
From heart to all other parts of the body and back to the heart
-involves renal circulation and hepatic circulation
Renal circulation
To the kidneys
Hepatic circulation
From the digestive tract, through the liver and then to the heart
Right side of heart
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues ad pumps it to the lungs
Left side of heart
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the cells of the body
Pulmonary circulatory system
Made of vessels that carry blood to and from lungs
Systemic circulatory system
Vessels that carry blood to and from the body
How many chambers is the heart
Four
Atrium (plural atria)
Thin walled chamber of the heart that relieves blood from veins
Ventricles
Muscular thick walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries
What pumps blood to distant tissues
Muscular ventricles
Blood is carried to the heart by
Veins
The superior vena cava does what
Carries deoxygenated blood from the head and upper body to the right atrium
The inferior vena cava does what
Carries deoxygenated blood from all veins below the diaphragm to the same atrium
Oxygenated blood flowing from the lungs enters what by what
Enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins
Blood from both atria is eventually pumped where
The ventricles
AV Valves do what
Seperate the atria from the ventricles and prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria
AV valves are supported by
Bands of consecutive tissue called chordae tendinae
Semilunar valves separate what
the ventricles from the arteries
What do semilunar valves do
Prevent blood that had entered the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles
Blood is carried away from the heart by
Arteries
What is the largest artery in your body
Aorta
The aorta does what
Carries OXYGENATED blood away from the heart
What do the coronary arteries do
Supplies the muscle cells of the heart with oxygen and nutrients
When do chest pain or angina occur
When not enough oxygen is going to the heart
Difference between systemic and pulmonary circulatory system
Systemic: carries oxygenated blood to tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary: deoxygenated to the lungs and oxygenated back to the heart
Myogenic muscle
Is what the heart is it is a muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation
the heart beat is set by
The SA nose
The initial contractions of the heart occur where and what causes it
The SA nodes begin the heart contraction in the atrium/atria
Originating in the atria the second heart contractions is caused by what and where does it happen
The AV node makes the ventricles contract
How does the heart contract
The SA nodes sends nerve impulses to make the atria contract(done by muscles), then the AV node passes the nerve impulses through purkinje fibres to make the ventricles contract (done by muscles) and then repeat
The heart rate is influenced by
Autonomic nerves
The two regulatory nervous systems
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What happens when ur stressed
The sympathetic neves are stimulated by stress and they tell the SA node to increase heart rate which increases blood flow which prepares for more use of energy
What happens during relaxation
Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated and tell the SA nodes to slow the heart rates
What makes the heart go Lubb dub
Closing of the heart valves
Diastole
When the heart relaxes and both atria (left and right atrium) fill up with blood
What happens when the atriums contract
This increases fluid pressure and forces the AV valves open and blood flows from the LR atriums into the LR ventricles
What happens when the filled ventricles contracts
The pressure forces the AV valves pushes blood through the semilunar valves and into the arteries
Systole
Contraction of the heart that pushes blood out of the heart
Summary of the pulmonary circulatory system and systemic circulatory system
Pulmonary: blood to and from lungs
Systemic: blood to and from body
How does the heart work
Two parallel pumps separated by septum
Blood enters the heart through the LR atrium
Contractions push blood into the LR ventricles
Ventricles pump blood to body tissues
Semilunar valves prevent blood to go back to ventricles from arteries
Cardiac output
Amount of blood that flows from the heart per minute
What two factors affect cardiac output
Stroke volume and heart rate
What’s stroke volume
Quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart.
The stronger the heart contraction the greater the stroke volume
What’s heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute
Who often had low heart rates
Athletes because they pump more blood per beat so they pump less
Blood pressure is measured with
A sphygmomanometer
Two factors blood pressure depends on
Cardiac output (increase in cardiac output -amount of blood pumped per minute- =increase blood pressure)
Arteriolar resistance (the diameter of the arteriole can open and close with smooth muscles)
The smooth muscles in the walls of the arterioles respond to
Neural and hormonal controls that regulate blood pressure
Diameter of arterioles adjusts in response to
Metabolic products
How can arterioles raise blood pressure
Arterioles diameter close and blood flow stops going through the arterioles which leaves more blood in the artery which = high blood pressure
Thermoregulation
Keeping the body at a temperature that the cells can function in
Humans normal body temp is
37 degrees
How does the body cool itself
Sweat
Increase blood flow to skin releasing heat at the skin
How does the body warm itself
Shivering- muscles contracting body hair becomes erect to conserve heat
Decrease in blood flow to skin so you don’t lose heat at skin
Hypothalamus
Part of Brain that does nerve and hormone stuff
How close is every Tissue of the body to a capillary
Within 0.1 mm
Capillaries provide cells with
Oxygen,glucose, and amino acids and are associated with fluid exchange between the blood and surrounding extracellular fluid
Most fluids simply diffuse through
Capillaries
Filtration
Movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient
What materials do not go through capillaries
Proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells
Small amounts of protein leaks from capillaries to
Tissue spaces
The accumulation of proteins in the ECF (tissue spaces) would do what
Create a problem; osmotic pressure would decrease and tissues would swell
The proteins that have leaked into the ECF are drained and…
Returned to the circulatory system by the lymphatic system!!!
Lymph
Fluid (like plasma) found in lymph vessels that contain some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls
Lymph nodes
- Mass of tissue
- House white blood cells that filter out bacteria
- Filter damaged cells and debris from the lymph
- Store lymphocytes(white blood cell that produces antibodies)
- In your neck
How the lymphatic system works
Debris is filtered out from the lymph and the lymph (fluid like plasma with leaked proteins) is returned to the circulatory system
Largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
Where is the spleen located
Upper left side of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm
How much blood can the spleen hold and why
Blood sinuses allow it to hold 150mL of blood
When blood oxygen levels drop or there’s low blood pressure what happens
The spleen releases red blood cells
Where’s the thymus gland
In front of the trachea just above the heart
Where do t lymphocytes or T cells mature
The thymus gland
The T cells that are released from the thymus gland have been selected to ensure
They will not initiate an immune response against the body’s own proteins
The movement of water between blood and the ECF is regulated by
Fluid pressure and by osmotic pressure
How does fluid pressure and osmotic pressure work
Water moves from capillary (high fluid pressure) to ECF (low fluid pressure)
Proteins dissolve and minerals in the blood cause fluid from the ECF to move into the body by osmosis
Summary of the spleen
Stores and purifies blood
Releases red blood cells when low blood pressure or low oxygen blood levels
where are cells produced
red bone marrow
