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Biology 20 > Chapter 10-11 > Flashcards

Chapter 10-11 Flashcards

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0
Q

Arteries

A

-carry blood away from the heart

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1
Q

3 Functions of the Circulatory System

A
  • transports gasses, food, waste and hormones
  • carries molecules and cells that help defend against invading organisms
  • distributes heat throughout body
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2
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Small arteries bc arteries branch into many arterioles

- they connect to capillaries for gas/glucose exchange

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3
Q

Vasodilation

A

When the diameter of arterioles open due to sympathetic nerve impulses

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4
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Diameter of arterioles close due to sympathetic nerve impulses

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5
Q

Capillaries

A
  • link arterioles to venules
  • exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid
  • crushed=bruise
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6
Q

Venules

A

Small veins

After capillaries

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7
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

Low pressure

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8
Q

How does blood go through a vein

A

One way valves and skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscles make the blood move and the valves keep the blood from backtracking

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9
Q

Superior vena cava

A

VEIN TO THE HEART from the UPPER BODY

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10
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

VEIN TO THE HEART from LOWER BODY

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11
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

artery from RIGHT VENTRICLE to LUNGS

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12
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

veins from LUNGS to LEFT ATRIUM

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13
Q

Aorta

A

Artery from the LEFT VENTRICLE to BODY

takes blood to the whole body

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14
Q

Where is the heart

A

Roughly centre of chest more to the left in thoracic cavity

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15
Q

What prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart?

A

The septum

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16
Q

What reduces friction around the heart

A

Pericardium forms a fluid filled sac that reduces friction

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17
Q

All the parts of the heart (O for oxygen, DO for deoxygenated) (15)

A 
DO: superior vena cava
DO: pulmonary artery
O: pulmonary veins
DO: inferior vena cava
DO: pulmonary valve/semilunar 
DO: right atrium
DO: right av valve 
DO: right ventricle 
O: aortic valve
O: left ventricle
O: left av valve
O: left atrium
O: pulmonary veins
DO: pulmonary artery
O: aorta
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18
Q

Atria

A

Right: collect deoxygenated blood from body and head and gives to ventricles
Left: collect oxygenated blood from the lungs and gives it to ventricles

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19
Q

Ventricles

A

Right: pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Left: pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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20
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Wall of Muscle that separates the right atrium and ventricle from the left Atrium and ventricle

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21
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Vein to right atrium of the heart from upper body

Carries deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Vein to right atrium [of the heart] from lower body

Carries deoxygenated blood

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23
Q

Aorta

A

Artery the left ventricle pumps blood to the body through

Carries oxygenated blood

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24
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

Right PA goes to right lungs
Left PA goes to left lungs

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25
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Right PV is from right lung
Left PV from left lung

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26
Q

AV valves

A

Separate atria from ventricles

Prevent back flow of blood from ventricles into atria

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27
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Allows deoxygenated blood from right ventricle into pulmonary artery, but does not allow it to flow back into ventricle

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28
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Allows oxygenated blood to flow from left ventricle to the aorta, but not to return back to ventricle

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29
Q

What happens when the atria contracts

A

AV valves open

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30
Q

What happens when ventricles contract

A

AV valves close

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31
Q

3 circulatory systems

A

1) pulmonary circulation
2) coronary circulation
3) systemic circulation

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32
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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33
Q

Coronary circulation

A

From heart chambers to hear muscles and back to heart chambers

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34
Q

Systemic circulation

A

From heart to all other parts of the body and back to the heart
-involves renal circulation and hepatic circulation

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35
Q

Renal circulation

A

To the kidneys

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36
Q

Hepatic circulation

A

From the digestive tract, through the liver and then to the heart

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37
Q

Right side of heart

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues ad pumps it to the lungs

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38
Q

Left side of heart

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the cells of the body

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39
Q

Pulmonary circulatory system

A

Made of vessels that carry blood to and from lungs

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40
Q

Systemic circulatory system

A

Vessels that carry blood to and from the body

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41
Q

How many chambers is the heart

A

Four

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42
Q

Atrium (plural atria)

A

Thin walled chamber of the heart that relieves blood from veins

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43
Q

Ventricles

A

Muscular thick walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries

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44
Q

What pumps blood to distant tissues

A

Muscular ventricles

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45
Q

Blood is carried to the heart by

A

Veins

46
Q

The superior vena cava does what

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the head and upper body to the right atrium

47
Q

The inferior vena cava does what

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from all veins below the diaphragm to the same atrium

48
Q

Oxygenated blood flowing from the lungs enters what by what

A

Enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins

49
Q

Blood from both atria is eventually pumped where

A

The ventricles

50
Q

AV Valves do what

A

Seperate the atria from the ventricles and prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria

51
Q

AV valves are supported by

A

Bands of consecutive tissue called chordae tendinae

52
Q

Semilunar valves separate what

A

the ventricles from the arteries

53
Q

What do semilunar valves do

A

Prevent blood that had entered the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles

54
Q

Blood is carried away from the heart by

A

Arteries

55
Q

What is the largest artery in your body

A

Aorta

56
Q

The aorta does what

A

Carries OXYGENATED blood away from the heart

57
Q

What do the coronary arteries do

A

Supplies the muscle cells of the heart with oxygen and nutrients

58
Q

When do chest pain or angina occur

A

When not enough oxygen is going to the heart

59
Q

Difference between systemic and pulmonary circulatory system

A

Systemic: carries oxygenated blood to tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary: deoxygenated to the lungs and oxygenated back to the heart

60
Q

Myogenic muscle

A

Is what the heart is it is a muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation

61
Q

the heart beat is set by

A

The SA nose

62
Q

The initial contractions of the heart occur where and what causes it

A

The SA nodes begin the heart contraction in the atrium/atria

63
Q

Originating in the atria the second heart contractions is caused by what and where does it happen

A

The AV node makes the ventricles contract

64
Q

How does the heart contract

A

The SA nodes sends nerve impulses to make the atria contract(done by muscles), then the AV node passes the nerve impulses through purkinje fibres to make the ventricles contract (done by muscles) and then repeat

65
Q

The heart rate is influenced by

A

Autonomic nerves

66
Q

The two regulatory nervous systems

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

67
Q

What happens when ur stressed

A

The sympathetic neves are stimulated by stress and they tell the SA node to increase heart rate which increases blood flow which prepares for more use of energy

68
Q

What happens during relaxation

A

Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated and tell the SA nodes to slow the heart rates

69
Q

What makes the heart go Lubb dub

A

Closing of the heart valves

70
Q

Diastole

A

When the heart relaxes and both atria (left and right atrium) fill up with blood

71
Q

What happens when the atriums contract

A

This increases fluid pressure and forces the AV valves open and blood flows from the LR atriums into the LR ventricles

72
Q

What happens when the filled ventricles contracts

A

The pressure forces the AV valves pushes blood through the semilunar valves and into the arteries

73
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart that pushes blood out of the heart

74
Q

Summary of the pulmonary circulatory system and systemic circulatory system

A

Pulmonary: blood to and from lungs
Systemic: blood to and from body

75
Q

How does the heart work

A

Two parallel pumps separated by septum
Blood enters the heart through the LR atrium
Contractions push blood into the LR ventricles
Ventricles pump blood to body tissues
Semilunar valves prevent blood to go back to ventricles from arteries

76
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood that flows from the heart per minute

77
Q

What two factors affect cardiac output

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

78
Q

What’s stroke volume

A

Quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart.

The stronger the heart contraction the greater the stroke volume

79
Q

What’s heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

80
Q

Who often had low heart rates

A

Athletes because they pump more blood per beat so they pump less

81
Q

Blood pressure is measured with

A

A sphygmomanometer

82
Q

Two factors blood pressure depends on

A

Cardiac output (increase in cardiac output -amount of blood pumped per minute- =increase blood pressure)

Arteriolar resistance (the diameter of the arteriole can open and close with smooth muscles)

83
Q

The smooth muscles in the walls of the arterioles respond to

A

Neural and hormonal controls that regulate blood pressure

84
Q

Diameter of arterioles adjusts in response to

A

Metabolic products

85
Q

How can arterioles raise blood pressure

A

Arterioles diameter close and blood flow stops going through the arterioles which leaves more blood in the artery which = high blood pressure

86
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Keeping the body at a temperature that the cells can function in

87
Q

Humans normal body temp is

A

37 degrees

88
Q

How does the body cool itself

A

Sweat

Increase blood flow to skin releasing heat at the skin

89
Q

How does the body warm itself

A

Shivering- muscles contracting body hair becomes erect to conserve heat

Decrease in blood flow to skin so you don’t lose heat at skin

90
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of Brain that does nerve and hormone stuff

91
Q

How close is every Tissue of the body to a capillary

A

Within 0.1 mm

92
Q

Capillaries provide cells with

A

Oxygen,glucose, and amino acids and are associated with fluid exchange between the blood and surrounding extracellular fluid

93
Q

Most fluids simply diffuse through

A

Capillaries

94
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient

95
Q

What materials do not go through capillaries

A

Proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells

96
Q

Small amounts of protein leaks from capillaries to

A

Tissue spaces

97
Q

The accumulation of proteins in the ECF (tissue spaces) would do what

A

Create a problem; osmotic pressure would decrease and tissues would swell

98
Q

The proteins that have leaked into the ECF are drained and…

A

Returned to the circulatory system by the lymphatic system!!!

99
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid (like plasma) found in lymph vessels that contain some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls

100
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • Mass of tissue
  • House white blood cells that filter out bacteria
  • Filter damaged cells and debris from the lymph
  • Store lymphocytes(white blood cell that produces antibodies)
  • In your neck
101
Q

How the lymphatic system works

A

Debris is filtered out from the lymph and the lymph (fluid like plasma with leaked proteins) is returned to the circulatory system

102
Q

Largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

103
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Upper left side of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm

104
Q

How much blood can the spleen hold and why

A

Blood sinuses allow it to hold 150mL of blood

105
Q

When blood oxygen levels drop or there’s low blood pressure what happens

A

The spleen releases red blood cells

106
Q

Where’s the thymus gland

A

In front of the trachea just above the heart

107
Q

Where do t lymphocytes or T cells mature

A

The thymus gland

108
Q

The T cells that are released from the thymus gland have been selected to ensure

A

They will not initiate an immune response against the body’s own proteins

109
Q

The movement of water between blood and the ECF is regulated by

A

Fluid pressure and by osmotic pressure

110
Q

How does fluid pressure and osmotic pressure work

A

Water moves from capillary (high fluid pressure) to ECF (low fluid pressure)

Proteins dissolve and minerals in the blood cause fluid from the ECF to move into the body by osmosis

111
Q

Summary of the spleen

A

Stores and purifies blood

Releases red blood cells when low blood pressure or low oxygen blood levels

112
Q

where are cells produced

A

red bone marrow

Biology 20 (7 decks)

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