Chapter 1: Yesterday And Today

Question 1

Define Psychology

Answer 1

Scientific study of mental processes and behaviour

Question 2

Define behaviour

Answer 2

Observable activities in response to environment

Question 3

What are the four goals of psychology?

Answer 3

Description (what we see), explanation (hypotheses), prediction (predict what causes responses), control (how to control behaviour?)

Question 4

3 levels of analysis

Answer 4

Brain (brain activity + structure)

Individual (emotions, thoughts,)

Group (culture, relationships,)

Think hardware, software, environment

Question 5

Significance of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates

Answer 5

Dudes who pondered about shit

Question 6

Hippocrates

Answer 6

Brain = organ of mental life

Question 7

When was the scientific revolution and who was René Descartes?

Answer 7

1600s, dude who thought brain controlled shit with tubes and fluids in the body

Question 8

Significance of Muller, Helmholtz, Darwin

Answer 8

Muller: people should study stimulus + response

Helmholtz: speed of neural impulses. not instantaneous.

Darwin: evolution/adaptation/natural selection

Question 9

Significance of Wundt + define voluntarism

Answer 9

Wundt: father of modern psych. made first lab. studied consciousness.

Voluntarism: belief that behaviour is for specific purpose.

Question 10

Define structuralism

Answer 10

Look at observable stuff. what are parts/what do.

Question 11

Who was titchener?

Answer 11

Student of Wundt in the states

Question 12

Define functionalism + state its beliefs and emphasis

Answer 12

Inclusive, what consciousness does > what is, that it’s fluid instead of structural

Question 13

William James

Answer 13

First US Psych lab and first textbook

Question 14

Define gestalt psychology

Answer 14

Wholes>parts and insight w problem solving

Question 15

Freud significance

Answer 15

Psychoanalysis, behaviours based on subconscious stuff

Question 16

Define behaviourism

Answer 16

Belief that psych investigation should only be based on observable stuff

Question 17

Pavlov significance

Answer 17

Classical conditioning (learning to associate stimulus w behaviour)

Question 18

Thorndike significance

Answer 18

Father of animal psych research

Question 19

Skinner significance

Answer 19

Operant conditioning

Question 20

Define operant conditioning

Answer 20

Use of rewards and punishments to shape behaviours

Question 21

Define positive and negative reinforcement and punishment

Answer 21

Reinforcement: adding/taking to INCREASE behaviour

Punishment: adding/taking to DECREASE

*negative reinforcement is NOT necessarily punishment

Question 22

Bandera significance

Answer 22

Monkey see, monkey do

Question 23

Define humanistic psychology

Answer 23

All humans have potential

Question 24

Rogers significance

Answer 24

Client centred therapy, self acceptance/awareness

Question 25

State Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 25

Physiological/Safety/Belonging/Esteem/Actualization

Question 26

Define cognitive psychology (who coined it?)

Answer 26

Brain = computer, processes, coined by neisser

Question 27

Lashley, Sperry, Hebb

Answer 27

Brain locations, split brain, neuron assembly

Question 28

Modern perspectives

Answer 28

Not structuralism and functionalism

Question 29

Shared values of all psychologists?

Answer 29

Theory driven, empirical, multi-level, contextual