Chapter 1(Unit2)- Research

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

The tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

Question 2

Overconfidence

Answer 2

When people think they know everything

Question 3

Confirmation bias

Answer 3

The tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

Question 4

Naturalistic observation

Answer 4

Observe subjects in their natural habitat

Question 5

Case study

Answer 5

An in depth examination of a person/experience/group of an incident that cannot be ethically replicated

Question 6

Longitudinal study

Answer 6

Research in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

Question 7

Cross-sectional study

Answer 7

Research in which several different participant age-groups are studied at one particular point in time

Question 8

Surveys

Answer 8

A way of gathering information by asking questions

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

Question 10

Random sample

Answer 10

A random group of people from the population

Question 11

Correlation

Answer 11

A measure of the relationship between two variables

Question 12

Correlation coefficient

Answer 12

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables; number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation

Question 13

Positive correlation

Answer 13

Both variables travel in the same direction

Question 14

Negative correlation

Answer 14

Both variables travel in opposite direction

Question 15

Illusionary correlation

Answer 15

Perceiving a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists

Question 16

Experiment

Answer 16

A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships

Question 17

Hypothesis

Answer 17

Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations

Question 18

Operational definition

Answer 18

Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be measured

Question 19

Independent variables(IV), dependent variables(DV), and confounding variables(CV)

Answer 19

IV is manipulated by the researcher
DV is influenced by the IV
CV is a factor other than the IV that might produce an effect in the experiment

Question 20

Random assignment

Answer 20

Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

Question 21

Control group

Answer 21

Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

Question 22

Experiment group

Answer 22

Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable

Question 23

Placebo effect

Answer 23

The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Question 24

Mode, median, mean

Answer 24

Measure of central tendency

Mode: # that appears the most
Median: middle number
Mean: average

Question 25

Range, standard deviation

Answer 25

Measure of variability

Range: difference between highest and lowest number
Standard deviation: the square root of the average squared deviations from the mean scores in a distribution

Question 26

Ethics in research

Answer 26

Ethical means of doing research with people