Chapter 1 to 5 Flashcards
What are the steps in the perception process
- Selection (intensity, repetition, contrast/change)
- Organization (physical, role based, interaction based, psychological)
- Interpretation (attach meaning to data to make sense / personal experience, expectation )
- Negotiation ( communicators influence each other’s perception, interpersonal communication )
Define transactional communication
The dynamic process in which communicators create meaning together through interaction.
What are the Communication principles
- Communication is Transactional : mutual influence through activity
- Communication can be intentional or unintentional
- Communication is Irreversible : cannot change the impression you’ve created
- Communication is Unrepeatable : An event cannot be repeated
- Communication involves Content dimension and relational dimension.
(content : explicit ‘please pass me the salt’
relational : express feelings through tone
Define interpersonal communication
The looks at exchange between 2 or more people
- the number of people interacting
- the quality of interaction
Define quantitative approach
Defines interpersonal communication by the number of communicators (2=dyad)
Define qualitative approach
Interpersonal communication means treating one another as unique individuals based on the quality and nature on interpersonal
Characteristics of interpersonal communication
- Uniqueness
- Interdependence
- Self-disclosure
- Intrisic rewards
Define Communication Competence
The ability to achieve goals in a manner that is both effective and appropriate
Characteristics of Competent Communication
- A large repertoire of skills
- Adaptability
- Empathy / Perspective Talking
- Ability to Perform Skillfully
- Cognitive Complexity
- Self-monitoring
Define intercultural communication
The process that occurs when members of 2 or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and non-verbal.
Define salience
The weight you attach to a particular person or phenomenon
What is the relationship between interpersonal and intercultural communication
According to William Gudykunstt, intercultural is communication about various cultures, which is also done by interpersonal communication such as daily conversations between people.
5 Factors that affect communication
- High Vs Low Context
- Individualism Vs Collectivism
- Power distance
- Achievement Vs Nurturing
- Uncertainty avoidance
5 Factors that Shape out cultural Identity
- Disabilities
- Socioeconomic status
- Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
- Age and Generation
- Race and Ethnicity
Define verbal codes
Challenges when communicators use different verbal and nonverbal communication systems.
Define Code-switching
Communicators adapt their manner of speaking when they change contexts
Define microaggressions
Disrespectful communication through subtle verbal or nonverbal displays eg. racial discrimination
Define attribution
The process of making sense of another’s behavior.
Developing Intercultural Communication competence
- Motivation and attitude
- Tolerance of Ambiguity
- Open-mindedness (free from ethnocentricm : attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others )
- Skill and knowledge
- be patient yet persistent
Developing Intercultural Communication competence
- Motivation and attitude
- Tolerance of Ambiguity
- Open-mindedness (free from ethnocentricm : attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others )
- Skill and knowledge
- be patient yet persistent
Define media richness
The abundance of nonverbal cues that adds clarity to a verbal message. Media channels are leaner
Ways to improve communication competence
- Be careful about what you post
- Be considerate
- Be mindful of lurkers and silent readers
- People have the right to post what they want on their accounts
- Balance time online and offline
- Be multimodal - use multiple channels of communication
Define self-concept and self-esteem
Self-concept: the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
Self-esteem: The part of self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth
Development of self concept
- Reflected appraisal : process of mirroring judgments of surrounding people
- Social comparison : We evaluate ourselves by comparing with others
Characteristics of Self-concept
- It is subjective
- Flexible
- Resists change
Define self-fulling prophecy
When a person’s expectations of an event, and subsequent behavior based on those expectations of an event, will make the expected outcome more likely to occur.
- your own expectations influence your behavior
- A person’s expressed expectations can affect another’s behavior
Define impression management
The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them
Characteristics of Impression Management
We strive to manage a multifaceted identity : construct multiple identities and roles in their diff areas of their lives
Impressions management is collaborative
Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious
Impression management in mediated communication
What is self disclosing
What you choose to share with others
1. contains personal information
2. Sender must purposefully communicate this information
3. Another person must be the target
Factors that Impact Self-Disclosure
- Honesty
- Revelatory / Depth
- Availability of Information
- Context of sharing
2 Modelts of self disclosure
- The Social Penetration Model : Dalmas Taylor and Irwin Altman
- each personal relationship may have a different combination of breadth of subjects and depth of relevation - Johari Window Model : Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham
- Open, blind, hidden, unknown self
Benefits and risks of self disclosure
Benefits : catharsis, self-clarification, self-validation, reciprocity, impression formation, relationship maintenance and enhancement, moral obligation
Risks: Rejection, negative impression, Decrease in relational satisfaction, Loss of influence and control, Hurting the other person
Guidelines to self-disclosure
- Is the other person important to you?
- Is the risk of disclosing reasonably
- Is the self-disclosure appropriate?
- Is the disclosure relevant to the situation at hand?
- Is the disclosure reciprocated?
- Will the effect be constructive?
Alternatives of Self-disclosure
- Silence
- Lying
- Equivocation: Statements that are not literally false but avoid an unpleasant truth
- Hinting
How do you construct realities?
First-order realities : Physical observable qualities of situation
Second-order realities : Attaching meaning to first-order things / situations
Steps in the Perception Process
- Selection
- Organization
- Interpretation
- Negotiation
Influences on Perception
- Access to information
- Physiological Influences : age, senses, age, health, hunger,neurological disorders
- Psychological Influences : emotional state and self concept
- Social Influences
- Cultural Influences
Define attribution
The process of attaching meaning to behavior
How do common tendencies shape perception?
- We make snap judgment
- We cling to first impressions (primary, halo, horns effect, confirmation bias)
- We judge ourselves more charitably than we do others ( self-serving bias)
- We are influenced by our expectations
- We are influenced by the obvious
- We assume others are like us
