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Biology Vocabulary > Chapter 1 Themes of Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Themes of Biology Flashcards

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0
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

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1
Q

Evolution

A

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

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2
Q

Emergent Properties

A

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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3
Q

Systems Biology

A

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system’s parts

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4
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes

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6
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine(A), cytonsine(C), guanine(G), and thymine(T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins

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7
Q

Gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

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8
Q

Gene Expression

A

The process by which information encoded inDNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

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9
Q

Genome

A

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences

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10
Q

Genomics

A

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

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11
Q

Proteomics

A

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions

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12
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells

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13
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The use of computers, software,and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets

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14
Q

Producer

A

An organism that produces organic compounds from CO*2by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic reactions carried out by some prokaryotes)

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15
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that feeds on producers, other consumers, or nonliving organic material

16
Q

Feedback regulation

A

The regulation of a process by its output or end product

17
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change

18
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

19
Q

Taxonomy

A

A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

20
Q

Bacteria

A

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea

21
Q

Archaea

A

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria

22
Q

Eukarya

A

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms

23
Q

Natural Selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

24
Q

Science

A

An approach to understanding the natural world

25
Q

Inquiry

A

The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific on specific questions

26
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations

27
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

28
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory

29
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific test, carried out under controlled conditions, involving manipulation of one or more factors in a system in order to see the effects of those changes

30
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

31
Q

Variable

A

A factor that varies an experiment or other test

32
Q

Controlled Experiment

A

An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested

33
Q

Independent variable

A

A variable whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment or other test to reveal possible effects on another variable (the dependent variable)

34
Q

Dependent variable

A

A variable whose value is measured during an experiment or other test to see whether it is influenced by changes in another variable (the independent variable)

35
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence

36
Q

Model Organism

A

A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab

37
Q

Technology

A

The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research

Biology Vocabulary (6 decks)

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