Chapter 1: The Science Of Psychology

Question 1

Structuralism and its pioneers

Answer 1

Analyzing the mind through its structures from its basic elements (how is it built up?)

• the building blocks of the mind
• introspection (in practice)
• Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener

Question 2

Functionalism and it’s pioneers

Answer 2

Psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than the structure

• Why does it exist? What purpose does it serve in our environment?
• William James (builds on Darwinism)

Question 3

The psychodynamic perspective

Answer 3

Searches for the causes of behavior within our personality ( traits, patterns, emotions and motives)

• Freuds psychoanalysis
• modern psychodynamic theory downplays the role of hidden sexual and aggressive motives, focuses on how our self perception and other social factors shape our personality

Question 4

Psychoanalysis

Answer 4

The analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces

Question 5

Object relations theories

Answer 5

Focus on how early experiences with caregivers shape the views people form of themselves and others

Question 6

The behavioral perspective

Answer 6

Focuses on how the external environment influence our actions

• Ivan Pavlov (association via stimulus in dogs)

Question 7

Behaviorism

Answer 7

School of thought that emphasizes environmental control of behavior through learning

John B. Watson: look on the outside and not the inside 😩 humans are products of learning experiences
B.F Skinner (Frode Dahl og hundeoppdragelse)

Eks. The monster study

Question 8

Cognitive behaviorism

Answer 8

Not learning influences behavior, but rather Learning influences thought influences behavior

Question 9

Humanistic perspective (or humanism)

Answer 9

Emphasizes free will, personal growth and meaning of existence
(Modern day: positive psychology movement)

Question 10

Cognitive perspective

Answer 10

Examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behavior. A part of cognitive psychology

Question 11

Gestalt psychology

Answer 11

German. Examines how elements of experience are organized into wholes

Question 12

Cognitive psychology

Answer 12

Focuses on the study of mental processes

Embodies the cognitive perspective

Question 13

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 13

Uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain imaging techniques to examine brain activity when stimulated in cognitive experiments

Question 14

Social constructivism

Answer 14

The idea that our concept of “reality” is largely our own mental creation

Question 15

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 15

Examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our thoughts behavior and feelings

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

The values, beliefs, behaviors and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on through generations

Question 17

Norms

Answer 17

Rules (often unwritten) that specify what behavior is expected and unacceptable for members of a group

Question 18

Socialization

Answer 18

The process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them

Question 19

Behavior genetics

Answer 19

The study of how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors

Question 20

Cross cultural psychology

Answer 20

Examines how culture is transmitted to its members and examines psychological similarities and differences among people of diverse cultures

Question 21

Individualistic

Answer 21

Emphasis on personal goods and self-identity primarily based on ones own attributes and achievements

Question 22

Collectivist

Answer 22

Group goals are seen above individualistic ones, and personal identity is defined by your ties to family and the larger social groups

Question 23

Biological perspective

Answer 23

Examines how brain processes and other biological functions regulate behavior

Question 24

Behavioral neuroscience

Answer 24

Examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behavior, sensory experiences, emotions and thoughts

Question 25

Neurotransmitters

Answer 25

Chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another

Question 26

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 26

A growing discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behavior