Chapter 1- The Outbreak of the Wars

Question 1

Who was the Duke of Gloucester and when did he die?

Answer 1

Henry VI’s uncle and heir presumptive. He died in 1447.

Question 2

What happened after Gloucester’s death?

Answer 2

Richard, Duke of York became heir presumptive.

Question 3

Gloucester’s arrest

Answer 3

He was arrested in 1447 to stop him speaking against Parliament. He died of a stroke.

Question 4

Who was the Duke of Somerset?

Answer 4

Edmund Beaufort became Duke of Somerset in 1448.

Question 5

Which families feuded?

Answer 5

The Courtenays and the Bonvilles
The Pastons and the Moleyns

Question 6

When did Suffolk become Chamberlain?

Answer 6

1447

Question 7

Who opposed Suffolk’s foreign policy?

Answer 7

The Bishops of Chichester and Salisbury, they were murdered for it in 1450.

Question 8

French victories

Answer 8

Rouen (1449), Battle of Formigny (1450)

Question 9

What happened to Maine?

Answer 9

Suffolk handed it over as part of the marriage agreement between Margaret of Anjou and Henry in 1445.

Question 10

Who did Suffolk protect?

Answer 10

Suffolk protected William Tailboys from prosecution for murder in 1449.

Question 11

What was Suffolk charged with?

Answer 11

Suffolk was charged with treason in 1449. However Henry VI intervened and exiled him for 5 years.

Question 12

How was Suffolk killed?

Answer 12

He was intercepted at Dover and brutally killed in April 1450.

Question 13

What endowments did Henry grant?

Answer 13

Eton school and King’s College in 1440 and 1443.

Question 14

When did Henry pass two Acts of Resumption?

Answer 14

1450 and 1451 to reclaim lands he had gifted.

Question 15

Who did Henry favour?

Answer 15

Adam Moleyns, William Ayscough and Suffolk.

Question 16

What happened to custom revenues?

Answer 16

Fell from £40,677 in 1421 to £28,100 in 1446-8.

Question 17

What happened to the taxes from 1445-49?

Answer 17

Parliament granted taxes whilst the Truce of Tours was happening, Lumley the Treasurer used the money to pay off crown debts.

Question 18

What did Suffolk and Somerset do in 1449?

Answer 18

They restarted the Hundred Years’ War by attacking Fougeres in Brittany. The French attack Normandy in response.

Question 19

What state was the Crown in by 1450?

Answer 19

The crown was bankrupt with increasing debts and soldiers going unpaid.

Question 20

Why did York dislike Somerset?

Answer 20

Somerset had replaced him as Lieutenant General in France and been made LG of Ireland (a downgrade). He blamed Somerset for losses in France and was annoyed that Somerset’s loans had been repaid but his hadn’t.

Question 21

When was York appointed Lieutenant General of France?

Answer 21

1440

Question 22

Why did York lose at Dieppe?

Answer 22

Somerset led an independent campaign to France in 1442 which failed and deprived York of money and men at Dieppe in 1443.

Question 23

What happened with the truce with France?

Answer 23

In 1444, the Truce of Tours was agreed. Margaret of Anjou (the French King’s neice) had to marry Henry VI in exchange for Suffolk giving Anjou and Maine to France.

Question 24

Why did England break the Truce of Tours?

Answer 24

England seized the Breton fortress of Fougeres in March 1449. In response France attacked Normandy, Rouen (October 1449), Formigny (April 1450) and Cherbourg (August 1450).

Question 25

Why did England lose to France?

Answer 25

Somerset’s slow reaction, the peace policy of 1444 had given France time to prepare, England were underfunded, poorly led and had no planning or direction from the King.

Question 26

When was the Bishop of Chichester (Adam Moleyns) killed and why?

Answer 26

January 1450 by unpaid soldiers and sailors

Question 27

When was William Ayscough, Bishop of Salisbury killed?

Answer 27

June 1450

Question 28

Who led Cade’s Rebellion?

Answer 28

Jack Cade, aka John Mortimer which linked him to York who descended through the Mortimer line from Edward III.

Question 29

How many were in Cade’s army?

Answer 29

46,000

Question 30

What were the causes of Cade’s Rebellion?

Answer 30

Suffolk’s murder because the Kentish people believed they would be blamed.
Increased taxes, justice being impartially administered, favoured lords maintaining positions despite losses in France.

Question 31

What happened in Cade’s Rebellion before they reached London?

Answer 31

Henry returned to London from the Midlands with 10,000 men causing Cade to retreat to Sevenoaks where they killed the King’s men. The king then fled to Kenilworth and Cade marched on London.

Question 32

What happened to Cade’s Rebellion when they reached London?

Answer 32

The rebels lost order and killed William Crowmer and Lord Say. After 4 days, the people of London forced them out. MOA promised a pardon to those who dispersed, many did.

Question 33

How did Cade’s Rebellion end?

Answer 33

Cade attacked the castle at Queensborough, but many men fled when the pardon was revoked. Cade was killed in Sussex and his head put on a spike in London and the four quarters of his body went to Blackheath, Salisbury, Norwich and Gloucester.

Question 34

What were the consequences of Cade’s Rebellion?

Answer 34

Demonstrated the king’s inability to deal with a crisis, the rebel’s concerns resonated throughout the country, Somerset positioned himself as the king’s right hand man because York was away so the government would be a faction, people viewed York as the solution to the problems.

Question 35

What rights and powers did the King have?

Answer 35

Decided when parliament sat
Rewarded good service via patronage
Taked to other monarchs
Decided whether to go to war or make peace
In charge of the justice system

Question 36

What couldn’t the King do?

Answer 36

He couldn’t change laws or raise taxes without Parliament’s agreement

Question 37

What was the hierarchy of nobles?

Answer 37

Magnates
Dukes
Marquis
Earl
Viscount
Baron

Question 38

What was the hierarchy of lesser nobles?

Answer 38

Knights
Squires
Gentlemen