Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
The navel is ____ to the chin
Inferior
The head is ______ to the abdomen
Superior
The breast is ____ to the spine
Anterior (Ventral)
Pertaining to the point of the shoulder
Acromial
Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
Abdominal
Pertaining to the ear
Otic
Pertaining to the head
Cephalic
Pertaining to the nose
Nasal
Pertaining to the mouth
Oral
Pertaining to the knee(anterior)
Patellar
Pertaining to the foot
Pedal
Pertaining to the thumb
Pollex
Pertaining to the palm
Palmar
Pertaining to the pelvis
Pelvic
Pertaining to the forehead
Frontal
Pertaining to the great toe
Hallux
Pertaining to the thigh
Femoral
Pertaining to the cheek
Buccal
Pertaining to the wrist
Carpal
Pertaining to the neck
Cervical
Pertaining to the armpit
Axillary
Pertaining to the arm
Brachial
Pertaining to the forearm
Antebrachial
Pertaining to the anterior surface of elbow
Antecubital
Pertaining to the groin
Inguinal
Pertaining to the leg
Crural
Pertaining to the side of the leg
Fibular
Pertaining to the fingers and toes
Digital
Pertaining to the hip
Coxal
Pertaining to the breast
Mammary
Pertaining to the chin
Mental
Pertaining to the navel
Umbilical
Pertaining to the chest
Thoracic
Pertaining to the ankle
Tarsal
Pertaining to the genital region
Pubic
Pertaining to the region of the breastbone
Sternal
Tarsal + digital=
Pedal
Axial refers to___
The head, neck, and trunk of the body
Appendicular refers to ___
The limbs
Describe anatomical position
Eyes chest feet and palms all facing forward
Pertaining to the area of the spinal column
Vertebral
Pertaining to the calf or the posterior surface of the leg
Sural
Pertaining to the scapula or the shoulder blade
Scapular
Pertaining to the hand
Manus
Pertaining to the heal of the foot
Calcaneal
Pertaining to the back
Dorsum
Pertaining to the buttocks
Gluteal
Pertaining to the sole of the food
Plantar
Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
Perineal
Pertaining to the posterior of the knee
Popliteal
Pertaining to the region between the hips
Sarcal
Pertaining to the posterior of the elbow
Olecranal
Pertaining to the posterior of the head or the base of the skull
Occipital
Pertaining to the area of the back between hips and ribs… The loin
Lumbar
The nose is ____ mouth
Superior
Abdomen is _____ chest
Inferior
Superior refers to
Above
Inferior refers to
Below
Body Orientation and Direction: The front
Anterior
Body Orientation and Direction: The back
Posterior
Anterior is synonymous to
Ventral
Posterior is synonymous to
Dorsal
The spine is ___ to heart
Posterior
Cavity: also known as the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue and is continuous with digestive tube
Oral
Cavity: houses the eyes in the skull and presents them in a anterior position
Orbital
Cavity: lies medial to the eardrum and is carved into the bony skull. This cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ hearing in the inner ears
Middle ear cavity
Cavity: located in the posterior to the nose; part of the passages of the respiratory system
Nasal
Cavity: joint cavities
Synovial
Body Orientation and Direction: above
Superior
Body Orientation and Direction: Below
Inferior
Body Orientation and Direction: front
Anterior
Body Orientation and Direction: back
Posterior
Body Orientation and Direction: toward the midline
Medial
Body Orientation and Direction: away from midline
Lateral
Body Orientation and Direction: Cephalad in humans is synonymous to
Superior
Body Orientation and Direction: towards the head
Cephalad
Body Orientation and Direction: towards the tail
Caudal
Body Orientation and Direction: Cephalad In animals is synonymous to
Anterior
Body Orientation and Direction: caudal in animals is synonymous to
Posterior
Proximal
Above a certain body part on a limb
Below a body part of a limb
Distal
Body Orientation and Direction: toward the body surface
Superficial
Body Orientation and Direction: away from the body surfaces
Deep
The wrist is ___ to hand
Proximal
The trachea to the spine
Anterior
The brain to the spinal chord
Superior
The kidney to the liver
Inferior
The nose to the cheekbones
Medial
Thumb to the ring finger
Lateral
Thorax to the abdomen
Superior
The skin to the skeleton
Superficial
Define: section
Cut through a organ or body through a plane
Define: plane
Imaginary surface or line
Directional planes: divides the body into left and right parts
Sagital plane
Directional planes: divides the body into the inferior and superior parts
Transverse
Directional planes: divides body into the anterior and posterior sections
Frontal/ coronal
Name the two main body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
Dorsal body cavity: two sub cavities
Cranial and spinal
Cavity: Brain
Cranial
Cavity: spinal chord
Spinal cavity
Most protected cavity?
Spinal cavity
Sub-cavities of ventral cavity
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavit
Cavity: heart and lungs
Thoracic
Cavity: stomach, intestines, liver
Abdominal cavity (Abdominopelvic cavity)
Cavity: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
Pelvic cavity (Abdominopelvic cavity)
Define: Serosa and Serous Membranes
Covering (membrane) of the ventral cavity walls and organs… Produces a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to slide over one another without causing friction
The parietal Serosa covers
The ventral cavity wall
The visceral Serosa covers
Organs
Serosa membrane of lungs
Pleura
Serosa membrane of heart
Pericardium
Serosa membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic cavity: pubic region
Hypogastric
Abdominopelvic cavity: superior to umbilical region
Epigastric
Abdominopelvic cavity: centermost region
Umbilical
Abdominopelvic cavity: lateral to Epigastric overlying the ribs
Hypochondriac
Abdominopelvic cavity: lateral to umbilical
Lumbar
Abdominopelvic cavity: lateral to Hypogastric overlying superior part of hip bones
Iliac
Muscle dividing ventral body cavity
Diaphragm
Organ system not represented in any cavities
Integumentary
Cavity with the least protection
Abdominopelvic cavity
Organ system: protects deeper organs from mechanical, chemicals, and bacterial injury and drying out, excreted salts and Urea, aids in body temperature regulation, produces vitamin d
Integumentary system
Organ system: body support and protection of internal organs, provides levers of muscular action, cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
Skeletal system
Organ system: primary function is to contract and shorten in doing so skeletal muscles allow locomotion,grasping and manipulation of environment, and facial expression; generates heat
Muscular system
Organ system: allow body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands. Helps to maintain homeostasis of the body via the rapid transmission of electric,a signals
Nervous system
Organ system: provides germ (egg) cells; the female uterus houses the developing fetus until birth; mammary glands provide nutrition for infant
Female reproductive system
Organ system: provides germ cells (sperm) for perpetuation of the species
Male reproductive system
Organ system: maintains water electrolyte and acid base in blood, rids the body of nitrogenous wastes, which results from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids
Urinary system
Organ system: breaks down ingested to food, which can be absorbed in the blood for delivery to body cells; undigested food is removed as feces
Digestive system
Organ system: keeps blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
Contributed the acid base blood balance via the carbonic acid buffering system
Respiratory system
Organ system: primarily a transport system that Carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges are made; blood is propelled through blood vessel by the pumping action of the heart; antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood act to protect the body
Cardiovascular system
Organ system: helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development; produced chemical “messengers”(hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various target organs of the body
Endocrine
Organ system: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, and returns it to the blood; cleanses blood of pathogens and other debris; houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect the body from foreign substances
Lymphatic system
Organ system: epidermal and dermal regions, cutaneous sense organs and glands, hair, nails, skim
Integumentary system
Organ system: bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Skeletal system
Organ system: muscles attached to Skelton
Muscular system
Organ system: brain, spinal chord, sensory receptors, nerves
Nervous system
Organ system: heart blood, vessels, blood
Cardiovascular
Organ system: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines ( accessory structures: teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver)
Digestive system
Organ system: nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Respiratory system
Organ system: kidney, uterers, urethra, bladder
Urinary system
Organ system: male- testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, and duct system which carriers sperm to the exterior of the body
Reproductive system
Organ system: female- ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Reproductive system
Organ system: pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal and pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
Endocrine system
Organ system: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and scattered collection of lymph node tissue
Lymphatic system
Define: organ
A part of a bod composed of a collection of tissues with the primary goal of carrying out a specific function
Organ system: brain, nerves, sensory receptors, and spinal cord
Nervous system
Organ system: heart, blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Organ system: kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Urinary system
Organ system: thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic system
Organ system: bones, cartilages, tendons
Skeletal
Organ system: pancreas, pituitary, adrenals
Endocrine
Organ system: trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Respiratory system
Organ system: epidermis, dermis, and cutaneous sense organs
Integumentary
Organ system: testis, ductus deferens, urethra
Urinary system
Organ system: esophagus, large intestine, rectum
Digestive
Organ system: muscles of the thigh
Muscular system
Levels of organization of a living body
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Body cavity:stomach
Abdominopelvic cavity
Body cavity: esophagus
Thoracic
Body cavity: large intestine
Abdominopelvic
Body cavity: liver
Abdominopelvic cavity
Body cavity: spinal cord
Spinal
Body cavity: urinary bladder
Abdominopelvic cavity
Anatomical position
Body erect, arms to the side with palms facing forward and thumbs lateral to the body
The principle of complementarity
The function depends on structure and vice versa ( anatomy and physiology)
