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Vertebrate Natural History > Chapter 1: The Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Chondrichthyes mean?

A

Fish that have cartilaginous skeletons

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2
Q

What species belong to the Chondrichthyes?

A

Sharks, Rays, skates, and Ratfishes

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3
Q

Which animals are warm-blooded?

A

Mammals and birds

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4
Q

What animals are cold-blooded?

A

Amphibians, reptiles, and fish

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5
Q

What does the word “amnion” mean?

A

The innermost extra-embryonic membrane of amniotic that surround the embryo

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6
Q

What species of vertebrates are Amniotes?

A

Mammals, birds, and reptiles

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7
Q

What does Osteichthyes mean?

A

Bony fish

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8
Q

What does “agnathan” mean?

A

Jawless vertebrates

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9
Q

What species of vertebrates lack jaws?

A

Hagfishes and lampreys

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10
Q

Define the term Synapomorphy

A

Shared characteristics

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11
Q

Primitive is…?

A

What the ancestor had

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12
Q

Derived is…?

A

What the descendant has

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13
Q

What mammals belong to the monotremes?

A

Echidna and the duck-billed platypus

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14
Q

What mammals belong to the marsupials?

A

Kangaroos, opossums, wombats… (etc)

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15
Q

Define Cladistic

A

A classification system that is based on the branching sequences of evolution

Recognizes only groups of organisms that are related by common descent

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16
Q

Amphibians

A

Salamanders, frogs, caecilians

17
Q

True or False

Amniotes are more terrestrial than non-amniotes?

A

True

18
Q

What do you need to be terrestrial?

A

An efficient system to

1) extract oxygen from the air and transport it via the circulatory system to the tissues
2) eliminate waste products while retaining water
3) keep body temperature stable as external temperature changes

19
Q

What species belong to the Sauropsid Amniotes?

A

Reptiles: turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds

20
Q

What species belong to the Synapsid Amniotes?

A

Mammals: monotremes (prototheria), marsupials (metatherians), and placentals (eutherians)

21
Q

Turtles (testudinia)

A

The only vertebrates with the shoulders (pectoral girdle) and hips (pelvic girdle) inside the ribs

22
Q

Alligators and crocodiles (crocodilia)

A
  • These animals are in the same evolutionary lineage as dinosaurs and birds
  • Their skin contains many bones (osteoderms) that act as armor
23
Q

What is a placenta?

A

A structure that transfers nutrients from the mother to the embryo and removes the waste products of the embryo’s metabolism

24
Q

True or false?

Placentals have a short gestation period

A

FALSE

They have a long gestation period while marsupials have a short gestation and give birth to very immature young that continue their development attached to a nipple

25
Q

Non-Amniotes

A

The embryo of non-amniotes are enclosed and protected by membranes that are produced by the reproductive tract of the female

26
Q

How are Hagfishes unique among vertebrates?

A

They lack many features that characterize most vertebrates (ex: they have no trace of vertebrae)

27
Q

Define systematics

A

The evolutionary classification of organisms

28
Q

What are two broad categories of bony fish?

A

Ray-finned fish (actinopterygians)

Lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygians)

29
Q

Define Phylogenetics

A

Phylogenetic’s pertains to the development of an evolutionary lineage

30
Q

Define Characters

A

Characters are any identifiable characteristics of an organism. Characters can be anatomical, behavioral, ecological, or physiological

31
Q

What is a Cladogram?

A

A branching diagram representing the hypothesized relationships of taxa

32
Q

Define Taxon

A

Any scientifically recognized group of organisms united by common ancestry

33
Q

Define Parsimonious

A

In evolutionary biology, the hypothesis that requires the fewest changes from ancestral to derived character states

34
Q

What are the major groups of vertebrates?

A
  1. Fish
  2. Amphibians
  3. Reptiles
  4. Mammals
  5. Birds

Vertebrate Natural History (7 decks)

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