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Neurogenics > Chapter 1 - The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect and what 3 things is it important for?

A

connects brocas & wernickes. 1) language acquisition, 2) meaningful speech & language, 3)verbal memory (repetition).

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2
Q

Which is the most important association fiber?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus. (superior/ longitudinal)

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3
Q

T/F. Pyramidal Pathways have only one synapse.

A

True- it is a direct pathway.

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4
Q

T/ F association fibers are interhemispheric.

A

False - INTRAhemispheric.

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5
Q

Which structure produces CSF and where is it located?

A

Choroid Plexus; within the cerebral ventricles.

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6
Q

T/F. The cerebral ventricles house 85% of the CSF in our bodies.

A

False. 15%; subarachnoid space houses 85% of CSF.

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7
Q

Which is the largest structure in the Diencephalon?

Why is it important?

A

Thalamus.

It receives information( motor/efferent & sensory/afferent) and relays it to the cortex.

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8
Q

T/F. The basal ganglia coordinates movement in order to produce smooth, rhythmic movements including speech movements.

A

False- Cerebellum.

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9
Q

T/F. The choroid plexus connects the Left and Right Hemispheres.

A

False- Corpus collosum.

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10
Q

What structures make up the Basal ganglia (include the structures that are “sometimes” considered part of it)?

A

1) caudate nucleus
2) lenticular nucleus- a) putamen & b) globus pallidus
3) subthalamic nuclei
4) substantia nigra

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11
Q

What is the role of the Basal ganglia? What happens when there is damage to the Basal ganglia?

A

to inhibit unwanted movements. ex: tremors.

when damaged= unusual posture, dyskinesia, dysarthria.

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12
Q

What is dyskinesia ?

A

involuntary movements - may occur when basal ganglia is damaged.

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13
Q

What three structures make up the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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14
Q

Which is the most important neurotransmitter for motor muscular movements?

A

ACH- acetylcholine.

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15
Q

What are three kinds of fiber tracts found in the CNS?

A

1) projection, 2) commissural 3) association.

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16
Q

What is the corona radiata and what happens to it as it reaches the level of the thalamus and the basal ganglia?

A

They are pojection fibers near the cortex that are arranged in a fanlike fashion. They move info from the cortex inward. Each fiber is in charge of a specific area. As they reach Th. & BG, they become compacted and concentrated. This forms the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

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17
Q

Name three important pathways for projection fibers.

A

1) pyramidal pathway, 2) extrapyramidal pathway, 3)vestibular-reticular system

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18
Q

The most important commissural fiber and the largest single tract in the brain is the __________.

A

Corpus callosum.

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19
Q

The corpus callosum is _______hemispheric.

A

INTER.

20
Q

What happens when there is damage to the Corpus callosum?

A

disconnection syndromes can occur- problems with movement, reading, and naming.

21
Q

Two tracts that are pyramidal pathway tracts are:

A

1) corticobulbar tract, 2) corticospinal tract.

22
Q

T/F. The motor neurons in the corticobulbar and cotricospinal tracts are LMN.

A

False- UMN, once it reaches the nerves, they become LMN.

23
Q

T/F. The corticobulbar tract sends info from the cortex to the brainstem to the spinal nerves.

A

False- last stop = cranial nerves.

24
Q

In which lobe of the brain can you find the angular and supramarginal gyrus?

A

Parietal Lobe.

25
Q

What can damage to the angular gyrus cause?

A

Transcortical Sensory aphasia, problems naming, reading, and writing.

26
Q

What can damage to the supramarinal gyrus cause?

A

Conduction Aphasia, agraphia.

27
Q

What is agraphia.

A

a = without. Cannot write.

28
Q

The primary motor cortex is located in the _______ lobe and the primary sensory cortex is located in the _______ lobe.

A

frontal; parietal.

29
Q

Three important gyri in the temporal lobe are:

A

1) Superior temp. gyrus, 2) middle temp. gyrus, 3) inferior temp. gyrus.

30
Q

In which gyrus of the temporal lobe is the temporal association area located?

A

Middle temporal gyrus.

31
Q

Which important structure lies within the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex.

32
Q

What is the insula. Where is it located?

A

The insula appears to be important in speech motor planning, it is a hidden area in the lateral cerebral fissure (sylvan fissure) that is hidden by the OPERCULUM in the cortex.

33
Q

What are some important areas in the temporal lobe.

A

1) portion of Wernicke’s.
2) primary auditory cortex - receives & interprets info that is being heard.
3) three gyri
4) Temporal Association area. (within the middle temp. gyrus)
5) Insula (within the sylvan fissure).

34
Q

Explain how voluntary mvmt for SPEECH occurs.

A

Starts @ premotor cortex (makes plan & codes it for primary motor cortex to understand), plan sent to PMC, PMC sends info to the brain via the pyramidal tract (in this case CORTICOBULBAR tract, to the CRANIAL nerves).

35
Q

T/F. Broca’s area is located below the primary motor cortex.

A

False; below the premotor cortex.

36
Q

Explain how voluntary movement for BODY MOVEMENTS occurs.

A

Starts @ premotor cortex (makes plan & codes it for primary motor cortex to understand), plan sent to PMC, PMC sends info to the brain via the pyramidal tract (in this case CORTICOSPINAL tract, to the SPINAL nerves).

37
Q

T/F. The vestibular-reticular system controls balance and posture before and during voluntary movements.

A

True.

38
Q

What is the cerebellum’s role in voluntary mvmt?

A

It modulates rate, force, and direction of the mvmt.

39
Q

What is the role of the extrapyramidal tract in voluntary mvmt?

A

It adjusts muscle tone and posture to make mvmt smooth and continuous.

40
Q

The lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via Foramen Magnum.

A

False. Foramen of Munro.

41
Q

What are the three meninges (membrane) layers?

A

Dura mater, Pia mater, Arachnoid mater.

**remember= DAP.

42
Q

T/F. The subarachnoid space surrounds both the brain and the spinal cord.

A

True.

43
Q

Look over pg. 16 - study the cross section pictures and locate important structures.

A
44
Q

A sulcus is a valley and a gyrus is a hill.

A

True.

45
Q

The cortex is divided into two major FUNCTIONAL categories. What are they?

A

Primary cortex, association cortex/ areas.

46
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

it represents allocation of motor function in the primary motor cortex. size of area represents complexity of movements. image
Pg. 34

Neurogenics (9 decks)

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