Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

In his work Leviathan, which philosopher advocated for absolute sovereign power to prevent societal chaos?

A

Thomas Hobbes

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2
Q

Which of John Locke’s works emphasized natural rights and the idea of government as a social contract?

A

Second Treatise of Civil Government

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3
Q

Who introduced the concept of separation of powers in their work The Spirit of the Laws?

A

Baron de Montesquieu

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4
Q

In The Social Contract, Rousseau argued that government should be a reflection of what?

A

the general will of the people

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5
Q

Which Founding Father was a key figure in the American Enlightenment and advocated for compromise and unity in American politics?

A

Benjamin Franklin

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6
Q

Who co-authored the Federalist Papers and championed the idea of a strong central government?

A

Alexander Hamilton

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7
Q

Which Founding Father was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and promoted democratic ideals and individual rights?

A

Thomas Jefferson

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8
Q

Who is known as the “Father of the Constitution” and played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights?

A

James Madison

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9
Q

Which two documents are considered the foundational texts that define the U.S. political structure and philosophy?

A

Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution

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10
Q

What theory of democracy emphasizes the role of a small number of elected leaders making decisions on behalf of the people?

A

Elite democracy

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11
Q

What are organizations that try to influence public policy in favor of their particular interest called?

A

Interest groups

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12
Q

Which model of democracy stresses the broad participation of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems?

A

Participatory democracy

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13
Q

In which political system is there no single group that dominates the political process?

A

Pluralist democracy

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14
Q

What type of democracy is founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people?

A

Representative democracy

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15
Q

Who were the opponents of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, advocating for a decentralized governmental structure?

A

Anti-Federalists

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16
Q

Who were the supporters of the U.S. Constitution, advocating for a strong federal government?

A

Federalists

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17
Q

What is the process that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it for a vote by the electorate called?

A

Initiative

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18
Q

What is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal called?

A

Referendum

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19
Q

In Federalist No. 10, Madison argues that a large republic can better guard against what, compared to smaller republics?

A

the dangers of factionalism

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20
Q

Which Anti-Federalist paper argued against the expansive jurisdiction of the federal government?

A

Brutus No. 1

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21
Q

What is the concept that a government’s power is not absolute, underpinned by laws and constitutional protections?

A

Limited government

22
Q

The doctrine that people have basic rights, such as those to life, liberty, and property in a state of nature, is known as what?

A

Natural rights philosophy

23
Q

What is the principle that the government’s power is derived from the consent of the governed?

A

Popular sovereignty

24
Q

What is a collection of sovereign states that gather for the national interest, national needs, and national defense called?

A

Representative republic

25
Q

Which philosophy advocates for limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people?

A

Republicanism

26
Q

What is the principle that government power should be constrained by laws and constitutional limits?

A

Limited government

27
Q

Which philosophy holds that individuals have inherent rights, such as life, liberty, and property, that exist independently of government?

A

Natural rights

28
Q

What is the idea that individuals consent to give up some freedoms to a government in exchange for protection of their remaining rights?

A

Social contract

29
Q

The Declaration of Independence reflects the influence of which philosopher’s ideas about natural rights and the social contract?

A

John Locke

30
Q

Which section of the Declaration of Independence lists grievances against the British King?

A

Indictment

31
Q

The Declaration of Independence asserts the right of the people to do what, if a government fails to protect their rights?

A

Alter or abolish it

32
Q

In what form of democracy do citizens elect representatives to make political decisions on their behalf?

A

Representative democracy

33
Q

What form of democracy emphasizes the direct participation of citizens in decision-making processes?

A

Participatory democracy

34
Q

Which democratic model suggests that political power is distributed among multiple competing groups?

A

Pluralist democracy

35
Q

In what form of democracy is political power concentrated in the hands of a small, privileged group?

A

Elite democracy

36
Q

In Federalist No. 10, James Madison argues that a large republic is better able to control the effects of what?

A

Factions

37
Q

According to Federalist No. 10, what is the primary cause of factions?

A

Unequal distribution of property

38
Q

In Brutus No. 1, what does the author argue will be the result of the expansive jurisdiction of the federal government under the proposed Constitution?

A

Consolidation of states into one government

39
Q

Brutus No. 1 suggests that the power of the federal judiciary under the Constitution would do what to the authority of state courts?

A

Diminish it

40
Q

The Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution and advocated for what kind of central government?

A

Strong

41
Q

Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution, favoring what kind of governmental structure instead?

A

Decentralized

42
Q

What document, which predated the Constitution, created a loose confederation of states with a weak central government?

A

Articles of Confederation

43
Q

Under the Articles of Confederation, what power did the central government lack?

A

Taxation

44
Q

What 1786-1787 uprising in Massachusetts, led by debt-ridden farmers, exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

A

Shays’s Rebellion

45
Q

Shays’s Rebellion highlighted the need for what change in the American political system?

A

Stronger central government

46
Q

What did the Federalists believe was necessary to address the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation?

A

Constitution

47
Q

Which branch of government, as outlined in the Constitution, did Anti-Federalists fear would become too powerful?

A

Judiciary

48
Q

Federalist No. 10 argues that the diversity of interests in a large republic would make it more difficult for what to form?

A

Majority faction

49
Q

In the social contract theory, what do individuals give up in order to gain the protection of their rights by the government?

A

Some natural freedoms

50
Q

The Declaration of Independence’s emphasis on natural rights and the consent of the governed reflects the influence of which Enlightenment philosopher?

A

John Locke