Chapter 1 - Terms Flashcards
batch system:
a type of computing system that executes programs, each of which is
submitted in its entirety, can be grouped into batches, and executed without external
intervention.
central processing unit (CPU):
a component with circuitry to control the interpretation
and execution of instructions.
cloud computing:
a multifaceted technology that allows computing, data storage and
retrieval and other computer functions to take place over a large network, typically the
Internet.
Device Manager:
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the
use of devices. It monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the
most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices.
embedded computer system:
a dedicated computer system that often is part of a
larger physical system, such as jet aircraft or automobiles. Often, it must be small,
fast, and able to work with real-time constraints, fail-safe execution, and nonstandard
I/O devices.
File Manager:
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use
of files.
firmware:
software instructions or data that are stored in a fixed or “firm” way, usually implemented on some type of read only memory (ROM).
hardware:
the tangible machine and its components, including main memory, I/O
devices, I/O channels, direct access storage devices, and the central processing unit.
hybrid system
a computer system that supports both batch and interactive processes.
interactive system:
a system that allows each user to interact directly with the operating system
kernel
the primary part of the operating system that remains in random access memory (RAM) and is charged with performing the system’s most essential tasks, such as
managing main memory and disk access.
main memory:
the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the
data and instructions must reside in order to be processed. Also called primary storage, RAM, or internal memory.
mainframe
the historical name given to a large computer system characterized by its
large size, high cost, and relatively fast performance.
Memory Manager:
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the
use of memory. It checks the validity of each request for memory space, and if it’s a
legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job.
multiprocessing
when two or more CPUs share the same main memory, most I/O
devices, and the same control program routines. They service the same job stream and
execute distinct processing programs concurrently.
multiprogramming
a technique that allows a single processor to process several programs residing simultaneously in main memory and interleaving their execution by
overlapping I/O requests with CPU requests.
network
a system of interconnected computer systems and peripheral devices that
exchange information with one another.
operating system:
the primary software on a computing system that manages its
resources, controls the execution of other programs, and manages communications
and data storage.
Processor Manager:
a composite of two submanagers, the Job Scheduler and the
Process Scheduler, which decides how to allocate the CPU
real-time system:
a computing system used in time-critical environments that require
guaranteed response times, such as navigation systems, rapid transit systems, and
industrial control systems.
server
a node that provides to clients various network services, such as file retrieval,
printing, or database access services.
storage
the place where data is stored in the computer system. Primary storage is main
memory. Secondary storage is nonvolatile media, such as disks and flash memory.
