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Chemistry 11 > Chapter 1: Skills and Processes of Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Skills and Processes of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the modern process of scientific inquiry, based on observation, prediction and experimentation?

A

The Scientific Method.

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2
Q

What is a proposed explanation for an observation that generates testable predictions?

A

Hypothesis.

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3
Q

What is a statement of what will happen, assuming the hypothesis is correct?

A

Prediction

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4
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

A

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, a prediction is a proposed outcome based on the hypothesis.

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5
Q

What is an experimental variable whose change is independent of the experiment?

A

Independent variable.

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6
Q

What is an experimental variable whose change depends on the experiment?

A

Dependent variable.

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7
Q

What is an independent variable you hold constant for the sake of the experiment?

A

Control variable.

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8
Q

What do you call information or properties that you can express numerically through measuring or counting?

A

Quantitative.

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9
Q

What are two things that quantitive data must possess?

A
  • a number

- units

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10
Q

What do you call information or properties that you can only describe?

A

Qualitative

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11
Q

What is information that we collect from a primary source (our 5 senses, measuring equipment etc.)

A

Observation

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12
Q

What is information that we collect with the intention of representing graphically or visually?

A

Data

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13
Q

What is the act of drawing a conclusion based on evidence known or assumed to be true?

A

Inference.

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14
Q

What is the role of analysis in the scientific method?

A

Evaluating if the hypothesis was proven correct by the experiment, and the effect of sources of error.

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15
Q

What is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world, developed through the scientific method?

A

Scientific Theory.

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16
Q

What is a visual aide that represents or simulates something difficult or impossible to observe directly, based on current scientific theory?

A

Scientific model.

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17
Q

What is a summary of experimental evidence, stating that the outcome will always be the same under set conditions, with no explanation.

A

Scientific Law

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18
Q

What is a way of representing numbers in exponential form, for the sake of convenience?

A

Scientific notation?

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19
Q

What are the two components of a number written in scientific notation?

A

Decimal portion and exponential portion.

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20
Q

What does the exponent represent in scientific notation?

A

How many places and in which direction the decimal point needs to move to convert number back to standard notation,

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21
Q

The independent and dependent variables lie on which axes of a graph?

A

Independent: X axis.
Dependent: Y axis.

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22
Q

What is a single straight line that best fits the graphed data?

A

Best-fit line.

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23
Q

Which unit of measurement is considered the SI system (International System of Units)

A

The metric system

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24
Q

What system of measurements is composed of 7 units whose definitions evolve as technology improves?

A

The metric system.

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25
Q

What are the 7 base units of the metric system?

A
  • Meter
  • Kilogram
  • Second
  • Ampere
  • Kelvin
  • Candela
  • Mole
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26
Q

What is the official SI unit for volume?

A

m3 (meters cubed)

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27
Q

What is the accepted base unit recognized for volume according to the SI system?

A

L (Litre)

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28
Q

Name two examples of SI accepted units that are not official “base units”

A
  • Litre for volume (instead of m3)
  • Minute for time (instead of seconds)
  • Hour for time (instead of seconds)
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29
Q

What do you call an official SI unit whose definition is a manipulation of a base unit using either exponents or a combination of units?

A

A derived unit.

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30
Q

Units of a slope on a graph are categorized as what type of unit?

A

derived unit.

31
Q

Which SI unit symbols are capitalized?

A

(L) Litre, any unit named after a person (Kelvin, Celsuis, Farenheit etc)

32
Q

What measures the size of an object (hint: not “weight”)

A

Mass.

33
Q

When it comes to recording SI units, do you use decimals or fractions?

A

Decimals (0.5 m/s not 1/2 m/s)

34
Q

What is the word for how well a measurement agrees with that quantity’s true value.

A

Accuracy.

35
Q

What is the word for how well numerous measurements agree with each other?

A

Precision.

36
Q

What are the 2 definitions of precision?

A

1) How well numerous measurements agree with each other.

2) how certain a measurement is (0.300 is more precise/certain than 0.30)

37
Q

What makes a group of measurements precise?

A

They are relatively equal to one another.

38
Q

What makes a single measurement precise?

A

If it has low uncertainty.

39
Q

What is an error that affects a group of results the same way?

A

Systematic error.

40
Q

How does systematic error affect accuracy and precision?

A

Affects accuracy, not precision. (Measurements would be wrong, but all wrong in the same way).

41
Q

What is an error that affects a group of results in an unpredictable and inconsistent way?

A

Affects precision, might affect accuracy. (only some of the measurements would be wrong, some could still be correct.)

42
Q

What do you call an acceptable range of values within which we expect to find the true value of a measurement?

A

Range uncertainty.

43
Q

How do you report range uncertainty?

A

Report the measurement, the unit, +/- the uncertainty, the unit again.

44
Q

How do you find range uncertainty of a measurement?

A

Take the smallest division of the measuring device (ex. 1 mm) and multiply by 0.1 (10%)

45
Q

What do you call an amount, with units, that refers to the difference between a measured value and an accepted value.

A

Absolute uncertainty (or Absolute error)

46
Q

What do you call a ratio comparing a measurement’s uncertainty to the measurement, expressed as a percentage?

A

Relative uncertainty (or relative error).

47
Q

Why would you need to know the relative uncertainty of a measurement?

A

To see how significant the error is. (1 mL error on a 5mL measurement is worse than 1 mL error on a 100 mL measurement).

48
Q

What do you call the digits of a number that are meaningful, contributing to the number’s precision?

A

Significant Figures.

49
Q

When using a measuring device, how many digits do you record?

A

All the digits you know for sure plus one estimated digit.

50
Q

What is parallax error?

A

An illusion caused by observing the amount of water in a burette from above or below eye level.

51
Q

Which digits are ALWAYS significant?

A

All digits that are NOT zero.

52
Q

When is zero a significant figure?

A
  • When it is between two sig figs (205)

- When it is a trailing zero AFTER a decimal point (25.0)

53
Q

When is zero NOT a significant figure?

A
  • When it is a leading zero. (0.04)

- When it is a trailing zero and there is NO decimal point. (1300)

54
Q

When do you not use the sig fig rules on a number?

A
  • When it is a defined number (24 hours in a day)

- Numbers obtained by counting (5 fingers on one hand)

55
Q

When multiplying/dividing sig figs, the answer should have how many sig figs?

A

As many as the starting number with the FEWEST amount of sig figs in it.

56
Q

At what point in a calculation do you round to correct sig figs?

A

Once, at the very end.

57
Q

When adding/subtracting sig figs, where should the answer’s final digit be?

A

In the same column as the least precise final digit of the starting numbers).

58
Q

How many inches in a foot?

A

12

59
Q

What is the method of determining how to set up calculation by treating units as algebraic terms that cancel and compound like variables, allowing you to cancel unwanted units?

A

Dimensional analysis.

60
Q

How do you start every dimensional analysis calculation?

A

With a statement of what you’re trying to find. (# of g=)

61
Q

In dimensional analysis calculations, how do you represent a division statement?

A

As a fraction.

62
Q

What is a fraction in which the numerator and denominator are equal, but expressed in different units.

A

Conversion factor.

63
Q

T or f: conversion factors affect the number of sig figs in an answer.

A

False.

64
Q

How do you convert a prefixed unit to another prefixed unit?

A

Convert to a base and then to the prefixed unit.

65
Q

How do you convert a derived unit to another derived unit?

A

convert top unit and bottom unit one at a time, in any order.

66
Q

What do you do when converting a measurement with an exponent?

A

Repeat the conversion factor the same amount of times as the exponent states.

67
Q

What do you do when converting a measurement with an exponent to another measurement with an exponent?

A

Repeat conversion factor for both the starting exponent number and the final exponent number.

68
Q

What is the average kinetic energy per particle in an object?

A

Temperature.

69
Q

What is the freezing and boiling point of water? (Celsius)

A

O °C and 100 °C

70
Q

What is the freezing an boiling point of water? (Fahrenheit)

A

32 °F and 212°F

71
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

0 K, the coldest possible temperature, particles have no kinetic energy.

72
Q

T or F, the ° symbol must always come before a temperature unit.

A

False, Kelvin has no ° before the K.

73
Q

What is the freezing point and boiling point of water?

Kelvin

A

273.15 K and 373.15 K

Chemistry 11 (14 decks)

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