Chapter 1 - Safety Flashcards
discredited term for unplanned, undesirable events that could result in unintentional injuries or property damage that are attributed to fate or bad luck
Accident
unplanned, undesirable events that could result in unintentional injuries or property damage
Incident
work practices such as willful rule violation and maliciousness, as well as human error, which could lead to injury or a fatality
Unsafe acts
working circumstances, such as equipment failure, that could lead to injury or fatality
Unsafe working conditions
in the United States, the federal agency responsible for establishing and enforcing safety work rules
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
in the United States the legislative act dealing with health and safety in the workplace
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
the industry-developed, national consensus safety standard of practice for tree care in the United States
ANSI Z133
group of employees responsible for developing safe work practices
Safety committee
a theory of industrial incident prevention pioneered by Herbert Heinrich that considers the overwhelming majority of incidents to be caused by unsafe acts
Behavior-based principle
an illustration of Herbert Heinrich’s principles of accident prevention, first presented in an example comprising untold thousands of unsafe acts or conditions at the base of the pyramid, which led to 300 close calls, 29 minor injuries, and ultimately, one major injury or fatality at the top.
Accident pyramid
unsafe acts and close calls at the bottom of the accident pyramid
Leading indicators
serious injuries or fatalities
Lagging indicators
refinement of the behavioral-based safety theory that considers workplace injuries to be caused by a number (rather than the number) of contributing factors and causes, which randomly interact
Multiple causation theory
group that takes a systems approach to safety, recognizing that humans are imperfect and that errors have to be considered in the context of the system in which they occurred
High-reliability organization
physiological reaction to the passage of electrical current through the human body
Electric Shock
death from electric shock
Electrocution
Established by ANSI Z133, the distance from energized conductors inside of which qualified line-clearance arborists, incidental line clearance arborists, or persons other than qualified line-clearance arborists may not work. Distance increases with increasing voltage and varies with training of personnel.
Minimum approach distance
electrical contact that occurs when someone touches an energized fixture.
Direct contact
touching a conductive object in contact with an energized fixture
Indirect contact
voltage differential between two objects someone simultaneously contacts
Touch potential
voltage differential that develops when a person near a ground fault with two parts of their body (two feet, a hand and a foot or another body part) straddles that voltage differential. It can result in electrical shock or electrocution
Step potential
electric flow in an unintended direction through a process whereby de-energized lines become energized from an external source, such as a home generator
Back feed
In the United States, enforcement of safety work rules resides with the __________.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
A worker neglecting to wear cut resistant chaps while operating a chainsaw is committing an unsafe __________, while an employer failing to provide chaps is creating an unsafe __________.
act
condition
The __________ rule suggests that workers should take time before starting a job to check for potentially unsafe conditions and confer about them.
two-minute
According to ANZI Z133, the minimum approach distance for persons other than qualified line clearance arborists for 7.2kV is _ feet / _ m.
10
3.05
Surface temperatures at the point of contact with high voltage can reach ____ degrees Celsius / ____ degrees Fahrenheit.
1,000
1,832
__________ occurs when someone touches an energized fixture. __________ can occur when a person touches a conductive object that is in contact with an energized fixture.
Direct contact
Indirect contact
The difference in voltage between two objects someone simultaneously contacts is termed __________.
touch potential
__________ is the difference in voltage on the ground between two of a person’s body parts near where electricity goes into the ground
Step potential
An energized human body, tree, or climbing rope are all examples of __________ threats.
indirect contact
The safety acronym S.T.A.R is valuable for preventing errors and stands for
A) Stop, Think, Act, Review
B) Stop, Think, Adjust, Reason
C) Safety, Training, Action, Review
D) Stop, Train, Act, Reflect
A) Stop, Think, Act, Review
A high-reliability organization would not always accept the
A) Simplest explanation for close calls or minor incidents
B) Need to adhere to electrical minimum approach distances
C) Employee’s first request for personal protective equipment
D) Necessity to perform safety meetings and work briefings
A) Simplest explanation for close calls or minor incidents
True or false:
There are no published safety data related specifically to utility arboriculture.
True
Which of the following is not a recommended way for an employer to create a safe workplace?
A) Provide a workplace that is free of known dangers
B) Provide personal protective equipment free of charge
C) Provide employees with minimal control over their work environment
D) Inform employees of their rights and duties under the company’s safety and health program
C) Provide employees with minimal control over their work environment
Unsafe acts include which of the following?
A) Willful rule violation
B) Maliciousness
C) Human error
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
The term accident is in disfavor because it implies that outcomes are due to
A) Equipment failure
B) Ignorance
C) Bad luck
D) Lack of training
C) Bad luck
