Chapter 1 - Safety

Question 1

discredited term for unplanned, undesirable events that could result in unintentional injuries or property damage that are attributed to fate or bad luck

Answer 1

Accident

Question 2

unplanned, undesirable events that could result in unintentional injuries or property damage

Answer 2

Incident

Question 3

work practices such as willful rule violation and maliciousness, as well as human error, which could lead to injury or a fatality

Answer 3

Unsafe acts

Question 4

working circumstances, such as equipment failure, that could lead to injury or fatality

Answer 4

Unsafe working conditions

Question 5

in the United States, the federal agency responsible for establishing and enforcing safety work rules

Answer 5

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Question 6

in the United States the legislative act dealing with health and safety in the workplace

Answer 6

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

Question 7

the industry-developed, national consensus safety standard of practice for tree care in the United States

Answer 7

ANSI Z133

Question 8

group of employees responsible for developing safe work practices

Answer 8

Safety committee

Question 9

a theory of industrial incident prevention pioneered by Herbert Heinrich that considers the overwhelming majority of incidents to be caused by unsafe acts

Answer 9

Behavior-based principle

Question 10

an illustration of Herbert Heinrich’s principles of accident prevention, first presented in an example comprising untold thousands of unsafe acts or conditions at the base of the pyramid, which led to 300 close calls, 29 minor injuries, and ultimately, one major injury or fatality at the top.

Answer 10

Accident pyramid

Question 11

unsafe acts and close calls at the bottom of the accident pyramid

Answer 11

Leading indicators

Question 12

serious injuries or fatalities

Answer 12

Lagging indicators

Question 13

refinement of the behavioral-based safety theory that considers workplace injuries to be caused by a number (rather than the number) of contributing factors and causes, which randomly interact

Answer 13

Multiple causation theory

Question 14

group that takes a systems approach to safety, recognizing that humans are imperfect and that errors have to be considered in the context of the system in which they occurred

Answer 14

High-reliability organization

Question 15

physiological reaction to the passage of electrical current through the human body

Answer 15

Electric Shock

Question 16

death from electric shock

Answer 16

Electrocution

Question 17

Established by ANSI Z133, the distance from energized conductors inside of which qualified line-clearance arborists, incidental line clearance arborists, or persons other than qualified line-clearance arborists may not work. Distance increases with increasing voltage and varies with training of personnel.

Answer 17

Minimum approach distance

Question 18

electrical contact that occurs when someone touches an energized fixture.

Answer 18

Direct contact

Question 19

touching a conductive object in contact with an energized fixture

Answer 19

Indirect contact

Question 20

voltage differential between two objects someone simultaneously contacts

Answer 20

Touch potential

Question 21

voltage differential that develops when a person near a ground fault with two parts of their body (two feet, a hand and a foot or another body part) straddles that voltage differential. It can result in electrical shock or electrocution

Answer 21

Step potential

Question 22

electric flow in an unintended direction through a process whereby de-energized lines become energized from an external source, such as a home generator

Answer 22

Back feed

Question 23

In the United States, enforcement of safety work rules resides with the __________.

Answer 23

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Question 24

A worker neglecting to wear cut resistant chaps while operating a chainsaw is committing an unsafe __________, while an employer failing to provide chaps is creating an unsafe __________.

Answer 24

act

condition

Question 25

The __________ rule suggests that workers should take time before starting a job to check for potentially unsafe conditions and confer about them.

Answer 25

two-minute

Question 26

According to ANZI Z133, the minimum approach distance for persons other than qualified line clearance arborists for 7.2kV is _ feet / _ m.

Answer 26

10

3.05

Question 27

Surface temperatures at the point of contact with high voltage can reach ____ degrees Celsius / ____ degrees Fahrenheit.

Answer 27

1,000

1,832

Question 28

__________ occurs when someone touches an energized fixture. __________ can occur when a person touches a conductive object that is in contact with an energized fixture.

Answer 28

Direct contact

Indirect contact

Question 29

The difference in voltage between two objects someone simultaneously contacts is termed __________.

Answer 29

touch potential

Question 30

__________ is the difference in voltage on the ground between two of a person’s body parts near where electricity goes into the ground

Answer 30

Step potential

Question 31

An energized human body, tree, or climbing rope are all examples of __________ threats.

Answer 31

indirect contact

Question 32

The safety acronym S.T.A.R is valuable for preventing errors and stands for

A) Stop, Think, Act, Review
B) Stop, Think, Adjust, Reason
C) Safety, Training, Action, Review
D) Stop, Train, Act, Reflect

Answer 32

A) Stop, Think, Act, Review

Question 33

A high-reliability organization would not always accept the

A) Simplest explanation for close calls or minor incidents
B) Need to adhere to electrical minimum approach distances
C) Employee’s first request for personal protective equipment
D) Necessity to perform safety meetings and work briefings

Answer 33

A) Simplest explanation for close calls or minor incidents

Question 34

True or false:

There are no published safety data related specifically to utility arboriculture.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Which of the following is not a recommended way for an employer to create a safe workplace?

A) Provide a workplace that is free of known dangers
B) Provide personal protective equipment free of charge
C) Provide employees with minimal control over their work environment
D) Inform employees of their rights and duties under the company’s safety and health program

Answer 35

C) Provide employees with minimal control over their work environment

Question 36

Unsafe acts include which of the following?

A) Willful rule violation
B) Maliciousness
C) Human error
D) All of the above

Answer 36

D) All of the above

Question 37

The term accident is in disfavor because it implies that outcomes are due to

A) Equipment failure
B) Ignorance
C) Bad luck
D) Lack of training

Answer 37

C) Bad luck