Chapter 1 - Research Methods

Question 1

Repeated measures design

Answer 1

In repeated measures design, each participant is part of both the E-group and the C-group.

Question 2

Matched participants design

Answer 2

In the matched participants design a researcher identifies a variable that is a likely confound, and eliminates the effects of this variable from the experiment. Participants can be ranked in accordance with their scores on this variable and then allocated to the respective groups

Question 3

What are piaget’s theories?

Answer 3

1. sensori motor stage - birth -2
2. pre-operational stage - 2 - 7
3. concrete operational stage - 7 - 12
4. formal operational stage - 12+

Question 4

1. sensori motor stage description

Answer 4

infants learning about their world through their senses (hearing, seeing, feeling) and actions

Question 5

1. sensori motor stage major accomplishments

Answer 5

object permanence

Question 6

object permanence

Answer 6

infants come to understand that an object still exists when it is no longer in sight, for example (peek a boo) thats why children are so fascinated because before they develop object permanence they think you are really gone and thats what makes it so funny/ scary for them.
develops in the sensori motor stage

Question 7

2. pre-operational stage description

Answer 7

children continue to develop and they use symbols, images and language to represent their world

Question 8

2. pre-operational stage major accomplishments

Answer 8

symbolic thinking
anism
egocentrism

Question 9

symbolic thinking

Answer 9

is where children develop symbols to represent objects or events. this thinking allows the child to participate in pretend or make believe play.
develops in the pre-operational stage

Question 10

anism

Answer 10

means that the child will believe that inanimate objects are real
develops in the pre-operational stage

Question 11

egocentrism

Answer 11

is when children are unable to view the world from someone else’ perspective.
develops in the pre-operational stage

Question 12

3. concrete operational stage description

Answer 12

children can now perform basic mental problems that involve physical objects. Display less centration and egocentrism. Children may struggle to solve problems that require abstract thinking

Question 13

3. concrete operational stage major accomplishments

Answer 13

reversibility

conservation

Question 14

conservation

Answer 14

children lack conservation, they cannot understand that objects stay the same despite changes in appearance.
develops in the concrete operational stage

Question 15

reversibility

Answer 15

when children start understanding that inversion (reversing) an action will return it to its original state
Develops in the concrete operational stage

Question 16

4. formal operational stage description

Answer 16

children are able to think logically and methodically about physical and abstract problems

Question 17

4. formal operational stage major accomplishments

Answer 17

can think flexibly
can do hypothetical problems
can form and test a hypothesis

Question 18

schizophrenia

Answer 18

schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, a disease of the brain that causes patients to suffer from deluded thinking, hallucinations and depression and in most cases anxiety

Question 19

delusions

Answer 19

false beliefs that are strongly held despite evidence that they cannot be true

Question 20

hallucinations

Answer 20

hallucinations are seeing something that isn’t really infant of you. false perceptions in the absence of sensory input

Question 21

paranoia

Answer 21

paranoia is delusions of persecution, unwarranted jealousy, or exaggerated self-importance, typically worked into an organized system

Question 22

disorganised speech and behaviour

Answer 22

a person experiencing disorganised speech has thought
patterns that do not make sense. Speech is di cult to follow and can simply be words strung together that sound similar or are made up.

Question 23

how prevalent is schizophrenia

Answer 23

about 1% will develop schizophrenia at one stage in their life, normally around late teens, early 20’s

Question 24

two-hit hypothesis

Answer 24

The two-hit hypothesis model provides a framework to explain the relationship between the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with schizophrenia.

Question 25

broca's aphasia

Answer 25

a result of damage to Broca’s area (located in left frontal lobe), and often surrounding areas, that leads to difficulty in expressing messages in words or sentences; but the ability to comprehend speech is largely unaffected. Typically, little speech is produced and what is produced tends to be slow, generated with considerable effort and poorly articulated.

Question 26

wernicke's aphasia

Answer 26

results from damage to Wernicke’s area, located in the left temporal lobe near the parietal lobe boundary, that causes difficulty in understanding written and spoken language and producing written and spoken language that makes sense to others.

Question 27

glial cells

Answer 27

cells that play an important role in supporting neurons by surrounding and holding them in place, supplying nourishment and oxygen, removing dead neurons and insulating neurons to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Question 28

function of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 28

It is responsible for the communication between the body’s nonskeletal (visceral) muscles, and the internal organs and glands that carry out bodily functions. The autonomic nervous system operates without voluntary control or conscious awareness.

Question 29

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

It makes you think faster. Also responsible for maintaining our day-to-day functioning and for most of the automatic functions of the body such as digestion, heart rate and breathing.

Question 30

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 30

is in control of calming you down after something has distressed you, for example, someone chasing after you in the dark and you getting away from that person. system that activates the fight, flight or freeze response

Question 31

corpus callosum

Answer 31

the thick band of about 200 million nerve fibres connecting the right and left hemispheres.

Question 32

parts of a neuron

Answer 32

1. dendrites 2. axon 3. terminal buttons 4. soma - nucleas

Question 33

dendrites

Answer 33

receives the information from other neighbouring neutrons to the axon

Question 34

axon

Answer 34

sends information throughout the neuron

Question 35

terminal buttons

Answer 35

bulb-like structures at the end of the axon which release neurotransmitters,

Question 36

soma

Answer 36

the cell body, and largest part of the neuron, that controls the metabolism and maintenance of the cell

Question 37

stages in the development of the nervous system

Answer 37

1. proliferation 2. migration 3. circuit formation 4. synaptic pruning 5. myelination

Question 38

1. proliferation

Answer 38

the first stage in the development of the nervous system, where cells destined to become neurons multiply

Question 39

2. migration

Answer 39

the second stage during developmental plasticity, the movement of newly formed neurons

Question 40

3. circuit formation

Answer 40

the third stage during developmental plasticity, a process that involves axons of new neurons growing out to target cells, forming new synapses with them (also known as synaptogenesis)

Question 41

4. synaptic pruning

Answer 41

the fourth stage during developmental plasticity the loss of a number of overabundant neural connections usually formed in infancy and childhood

Question 42

5. myelination

Answer 42

the fifth stage during developmental plasticity the production of the white, fatty covering that insulates a neuron’s axon, speeds transmission and aids coordination.

Question 43

myelin sheath

Answer 43

white fatty covering that insulates the neurons axon.

Question 44

synaptogenesis

Answer 44

the process of moulding or forming new synapses