Chapter 1-Psychology :The science of behavior

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

Anything a human does that can be measured,how someone acts.

Question 2

Over behavior

Answer 2

Activity that can be seen and observe by others.

Question 3

Covert behavior

Answer 3

Activity that cannot be seen or observed by others.

Question 4

Science

Answer 4

The systematic method of discovering and verifying knowledge.

Question 5

Operational definition

Answer 5

Defining subject matter in objective and measurable terms.

Question 6

Empirical method

Answer 6

Using numbers and observations that are publicly observable.

Question 7

Validity

Answer 7

Whether what is being measured is real.

Question 8

Pseudoscience

Answer 8

May appear to be scientific but is not based on an objective measure data.
exp. alien abduction, movements of the starts
Phrenology, Palmistry, Graphology, Astrology

Question 9

The four goals of psychology

Answer 9

1. Description
2. Explanation
3. Prediction
4. Modification

Question 10

Description

Answer 10

Involves the recording of how many times the behavior occurs for how long, where, or with whom

Question 11

Explanation

Answer 11

It ask why the behavior occurs and attempts to identify its cause.

Question 12

Prediction

Answer 12

It the attempt to anticipate what behavior come next or at some point in the future

Question 13

Modification

Answer 13

Or change of behavior in order to improve the individual or society

Question 14

Mechanism

Answer 14

Belief that complex human behaviors operate essentially like machines

Question 15

Reductionism

Answer 15

Any phenomenon, no matter how complicated, can be reduced to a lower, simpler state.

Question 16

Psychophysics

Answer 16

The study of the relationship between mental and physical processes

Question 17

Father of psychology

Answer 17

William Wundt 1832-1920
Studied the conscious experience
How sensations, images and feelings, combine to make up personal experience.

Question 18

Early schools of psychology

Answer 18

• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Gestalt

Question 19

Structuralism

Answer 19

To discover and analyze the structure of the mind.

Used INTROSPECTION
Analyzing one’s own perceptions and experiences
Developed by William Wundt

Question 20

Functionalism

Developed by William James

Answer 20

Emphasizing the actual functioning of the mind as it performed an activity or solve a problem

Question 21

Stream of consciousness

Answer 21

The mind is ever changing, fluid and flowing.

Question 22

Gestalt

By J.S Mill

Answer 22

Consciousness can never be broken down into parts because it can be understood only as a whole.

Question 23

Phi phenomenon

Answer 23

The perception of motion based on two or more stationary objects
The law of proximity is the tendency to see items that are close together as forming group.
The law of closure is the tendency to see object as complete even if it contains gaps in the lines

Question 24

Perspectives of human behavior

Answer 24

• Biological
• Cognitive
• Psychodynamic
• Humanistic
• Behavioral/learning
• Social/cultural

Question 25

Biological perspective

Answer 25

Assumes that all human behavior and functioning have their origins in biological processes in the body.

Question 26

Cognitive perspective

Answer 26

The way humans think and know about the world around them.

Question 27

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 27

Focus on the unconscious, which contains thoughts, desires, wishes, and motivations that affect what we do, although we are unaware of their influence

Question 28

Id

Answer 28

Primitive part of our personality that seeks pleasure and immediate gratification

Question 29

Ego

Answer 29

Part of our personality that operates within the bounds of reality to seek acceptable ways to satisfy the unreasonable demands of the id

Question 30

Superego

Answer 30

Part of our personality that is the seat of our morals and elements of conscience

Question 31

Humanistic perspective

Answer 31

Assumes that human functioning is known to us, everyone has the power to reach their goals and achieve healthy functioning, and people have the ability to make positive decisions about their life and control their behavior.

Question 32

Behavioral/learning perspective

Answer 32

• Learning perspective: how a person behaves due to the influence of experience and the environment
• Applied behavior analysis: the systematic application of principles that either increase or decrease the behavior of individuals through the control of the environment
• Vicarious learning: learning how to act by watching the successes or failures of other people’s actions
• Social learning theory: Personality is leaned through observations of the environment

Question 33

Social/culture perspective

Answer 33

People act the way do because of their social and cultural context

Question 34

Created psychoanalysis

Answer 34

Sigmund Freud

Question 35

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 35

Russian physiologist

Develop classical conditioning using dogs

Question 36

John B. Watson

Answer 36

Realized you could only study overt behaviors

Observe relationship between stimuli and responses

Question 37

B.F Skinner

Answer 37

Behaviorist

Believed actions are controlled by rewards and punishments

Question 38

Levels of explanation in psychology

Answer 38

Biological, interpersonal, social/cultural

Question 39

What is Psychology

Answer 39

The scientific study of behavior