Chapter 1: Psychological Testing and Assessment Flashcards
The use of testing to denote everything from test administration to test interpretation can be found in postwar textbooks as well as in various test-related writings for decades thereafter. However, by _____ a semantic distinction between testing and a more inclusive term, assessment, began to emerge.
World War II
A _____ is a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior
test
We define _____ as the gathering and integration of psychology - related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.
Gathering and integration. Not just test. Meron ding ibang minemeasure. May goal. Like BMI, overweight kaba, normal, etc. Kain ka madami, pa checkup ka ganyan. Recruitment din. To answer.
psychological assessment
We define _____ as the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior.
Different goal, same method with the other one.
Education. Testing the psychological factors, abstract. Goal is to measure lang or to test. All about measurement. To ask a question.
psychological testing
In general, the _____ begins with a referral for assessment from a source such as a teacher, a school psychologist, a counselor, a judge, a clinician, or a corporate human resources specialist.
process of assessment
Some examples of _____ questions are: “Can this child function in a regular classroom?”; “Is this defendant competent to stand trial?”; and “How well can this employee be expected to perform if promoted to an executive position?”
referral
The process of assessment:
- The assessor prepares for the assessment by _____ of assessment to be used. For example, if the assessment is in a corporate or military setting and the referral question concerns the assessee’s leadership ability, the assessor may wish to employ a measure (or two) of leadership.
selecting the tools
The process of assessment:
- Subsequent to the selection of the instruments or procedures to be employed, the _____ will begin. After the assessment, the assessor writes a report of the findings that is designed to answer the referral question.
formal assessment
An _____ is a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly; this response can be scored or evaluated (for example, classified, graded on a scale, or counted)
item
A _____ test or educational test is a set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior.
psychological
_____ tests contain items that can be scored in terms of speed, accuracy, or both.
Ability
_____ refers to previous learning. A test that measures or evaluates how many words you can spell correctly is called a spelling achievement test.
Achievement
_____, by contrast, refers to the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill.
Aptitude
Traditionally distinguished from achievement and aptitude, _____ refers to a person’s general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly, and profit from experience.
intelligence
For example, in one approach to assessment, referred to (logically enough) as _____ psychological assessment, the assessor and assessee may work as “partners” from initial contact through final feedback.
collaborative
Another approach to assessment that seems to have picked up momentum in recent years, most notably in educational settings, is referred to as _____ assessment. While the term dynamic may at first glance suggest to some a psychodynamic or psychoanalytic approach to assessment, as used in this context it refers to the interactive, changing, or varying nature of the assessment.
dynamic
The Tools of Psychological Assessment (7)
1) The Test
2) The Interview
3) The Portfolio
4) Case History Data
5) Behavioral Observation
6) Role-Play Tests
7) Computers as Tools
1) The Test
2) The Interview
3) The Portfolio
4) Case History Data
5) Behavioral Observation
6) Role-Play Tests
7) Computers as Tools
The Tools of Psychological Assessment (7)
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: A _____ may be defined simply as a measuring device or procedure. When the word test is prefaced with a modifier, it refers to a device or procedure designed to measure a variable related to that modifier.
test
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: If the _____ is conducted face-to-face, then the interviewer is probably taking note of not only the content of what is said but also the way it is being said. More specifically, the interviewer is taking note of both verbal and nonverbal behavior. The interviewer may also take note of the way that the
interviewee is dressed.
In its broadest sense, then, we can define an _____ as a method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange.
interview
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: Students and professionals in many different fields of endeavor ranging from art to architecture keep files of their work products. These work products—whether retained on paper, canvas, film, video, audio, or some other medium—constitute what is called a _____.
portfolio
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: _____ refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee.
Case history data
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: _____, as it is employed by assessment professionals, may be defined as monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding the actions.
Behavioral observation
Sometimes researchers venture outside of the confines of clinics, classrooms, workplaces, and research laboratories in order to observe behavior of humans in a natural setting—that is, the setting in which the behavior would typically be expected to occur. This variety of behavioral observation is referred to as _____.
naturalistic observation
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: A _____ is a tool of assessment wherein assessees are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation. Assessees may then be evaluated with regard to their expressed thoughts, behaviors, abilities, and other variables.
role-play test
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: The acronym CAPA refers to the term _____. By the way, here the word assisted typically refers to the assistance computers provide to the test user, not the testtaker.
computer-assisted psychological assessment
The Tools of Psychological Assessment: Another acronym you may come across is CAT, this for _____. The adaptive in this term is a reference to the computer’s ability to tailor the test to the testtaker’s ability or testtaking pattern. So, for example, on a computerized test of academic abilities, the computer might be programmed to switch from testing math skills to English skills after three consecutive failures on math items.
computer adaptive testing
1) The test developer
2) The test user
3) The testtaker
Who Are the Parties?
Who Are the Parties?
1) The test developer
2) The test user
3) The testtaker
Who Are the Parties? _____ and publishers appreciate the significant impact that test results can have on people’s lives. Accordingly, a number of professional organizations have published standards of ethical behavior that specifically address aspects of responsible test development and use.
Test developers
Who Are the Parties? Psychological tests and assessment methodologies are used by a wide range of professionals, including clinicians, counselors, school psychologists, human resources personnel, consumer psychologists, experimental psychologists, social psychologists, . . . ; the list goes on.
Psychometrician, expect projective tests. Unless supervised with a psychologist.
The test user
Who Are the Parties? In the broad sense in which we are using the term testtaker, anyone who is the subject of an assessment or an evaluation can be a _____ or an assessee.
Consumer. Society at large. Zoom fatigue. Pandemic fatigue.
testtaker
A _____ may be defined as a reconstruction of a deceased individual’s psychological profile on the basis of archival records, artifacts, and interviews previously conducted with the deceased assessee or with people who knew him or her
psychological autopsy
1) Educational settings - children special needs, achievement test and aptitude = IQ.
2) Clinical settings - intelligence test, neuropsychological, one individual at a time, court trial
3) Counseling settings - for adjustment, productivity, relates variable
4) Geriatric settings - aged cognitive, psychological, adaptive, or other functioning
5) Business and military settings - achievement, aptitude, interest, motivational, hiring
6) Governmental and organizational credentialing - blepp
In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why?
How Are Assessments Conducted?
_____ test users have obligations before, during, and after a test or any measurement procedure is administered.
Responsible
How Are Assessments Conducted?
Test users have the responsibility of ensuring that the _____ in which the test will be conducted is suitable and conducive to the testing. To the extent that it is possible, distracting conditions such as excessive noise, heat, cold, interruptions, glaring sunlight, crowding, inadequate ventilation, and so forth should be avoided.
room
How Are Assessments Conducted?
It is important that attempts to establish _____ with the testtaker not compromise any rules of the test administration instructions.
rapport
How Are Assessments Conducted?
After a test administration, test users have many obligations as well. These obligations range from safeguarding the _____ protocols to conveying the _____ results in a clearly understandable fashion.
Interest test no longer exists.
test
Assessment of people with _____:
People with _____ are assessed for exactly the same reasons that people with no disabilities are assessed: to obtain employment, to earn a professional credential, to be screened for psychopathology, and so forth
disabilities
_____ is an evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process that varies from the usual, customary, or standardized way a measurement is derived either by virtue of some special accommodation made to the assessee or by means of alternative methods designed to measure the same variable(s).
Alternate assessment (Assessment of people with disabilities)
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources (5)
1) Test catalogues
2) Test manuals
3) Reference volumes
4) Journal articles
5) Online databases
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
As you might expect, however, publishers’ _____ usually contain only a brief description of the test and seldom contain the kind of detailed technical information that a prospective user might require. Moreover, the _____ objective is to sell the test. For this reason, highly critical reviews of a test are seldom, if ever, found in a publisher’s test _____.
catalogues
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
Detailed information concerning the development of a particular test and technical information relating to it should be found in the test _____, which is usually available from the test publisher.
manual
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
The Buros Institute of Mental Measurements provides “one-stop shopping” for a great deal of test-related information. The initial version of what would evolve into the Mental Measurements Yearbook was compiled by Oscar Buros in 1933. At this writing, the latest edition of this authoritative compilation of test reviews is the 17th Annual Mental Measurements Yearbook published in 2007 (though the 18th cannot be far behind).
Reference volumes
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
Articles in current _____ may contain reviews of the test, updated or independent studies of its psychometric soundness, or examples of how the instrument was used in either research or an applied context.
In addition to articles relevant to specific tests, ______ are a rich source of information on important trends in testing and assessment
journals
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
One of the most widely used bibliographic databases for test-related publications is that maintained by the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
The American Psychological Association (APA) maintains a number of databases useful in locating psychology-related information in journal articles, book chapters, and doctoral dissertations.
The world’s largest private measurement institution is Educational Testing Service (ETS). These are the folks who bring you the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), among many other tests.
Online databases
