Chapter 1 part 4 Flashcards
What are the 3 components of Relative Timing within a GMP? (gneralized motor program(
All mvt variations in GMP have same relative timing. (like a record being played fast or slow)
Different classes of movements=different GMPs and different relative timing patterns.
Once a relative timing pattern is learned, it is very difficult to unlearn.
The Systems Approach is different from Hierarchical Approach how?
Movement is arranged around a task and the goals of that task.
All systems have input in the task/goals
The most important, current theory is…
Dynamic-Systems Perspective.
What 3 things make it stand out?
No central program command or self-organization.
Motor “Programs” emerge naturally.
Subsystems generate these patterns of movement with equal input.
Neuronal Group Selection (Sporns and Edleman)
What are its 3 requirements?
- Presence of a basic repertoire of mvt.
- Availability of SENSORY information to IDENTIFY and SELECT adaptive forms of mvt.
- Means to STRENGTHEN preferred resposnses.
Neuronal Group Selection (Sporns and Edleman)
Neuronal group selection is a result of what 2 things?
Movement begins with a neuronal group’s what and then develops what with experience?
How is the most appropriate neuronal group selected?4
Practice and Feedback. A Neuronal group's GENETIC BLUEPRINT and DEVELOP MAPS (sensory/mvt pattern maps) Selection based on... task requirements environment state of body systems.
What theory has adopted Neuronal Group Selection, and how has that system then changed?
What does Neuronal Group Selection assume about an infant?
Dynamic Systems Approach has adapted this and thus puts the neural system higher than other systems for movement.
System Approaches: Common Threads
Self-organization (how do the patterns emerge?)
Non-linear behavior (what is it and example)
Self-organization: Patterns of mvt emerge as a result of interaction like the patterns in a cloud formation.
Non-linear behavior: As one parameter changes there is a critical level where a shift into a new pattern occurs…
The shift from walking to running…They are discontinuous with each other and the control parameter is the catalyst to change patterns.
System Approaches: Common Threads
(These are not inconsistent with motor programming.)
How are actions organized?
What kind of role do environmental constraints play in movement generation?
Control is distributed and dependent on what 2 things?
What is important to remember about the role of the nervous systems and is components in the different models?
Actions are organized to meet specific goals.
Environmental constraints play a major role in determining the movement.
Control is distributed and dependent on task and demands of the current situation.
Role of the nervous system and its components VARIES in different models. (structure of neural system changes with new patterns as they are practiced into the system)
System Approaches: Common Threads
How are Biomechanics–influence of mass, lever arm, gravity, structure of muscles, length tension, force-velocity, etc.–able to influence the emergent pattern?
Nervous system has all the sensory information of proprioception for those structures.
System Approaches: Common Threads
What simplifies the Degrees of Freedom Problem?
Coordinative structures/synergies.
What are the 7 limitations of Systems Theory?
- Terminology and definitions are inconsistent.
- Doesn’t account for rapid movements (EMG pattern is the same in blocked and unblocked motion)
- Control strategies and parameters not clearly defined.
- How the CNS and neuroanatomy integrate is unclear.
- Doesn’t explain learning well (sporns and edelman account for learning)
- Doesn’t explain anticipatory or feed-forward responses.
- Difficult to test–especially sub-systems.
What is the Ecological approach?
What does the environment do?
Development of a child and mvt occurs inside an ever enlarging environmental system.
The environment invites interaction–afford a type of interaction…a step stool affords us a step up. A child would afford the ability to sit on it.
What are the 4 layers of the ecological approach?
Microsystem
Mesosytem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Gibson’s Principles of Perception
What is it?
Perception involves actively exploring the environment to determine important cues for ORGANIZING MOVEMENT to meet a specific task.
Gibson’s Principles
What are the 8 Principles
Perception…
- active and exploratory process.
- EXTERNALY DIRECTED toward distal sources of stimulation
- not only USES but DEPENDS on INFORMATION given IN MOTION (have to have info of mvt within environment in order to have perception)
- perceives a three dimensional world.
- perceptual constancy for various object properties such as size and shape exists before one reaches, grasps, and handles an object.
- is coherent (makes sense)
- is coordinated between different sensory modalities.
- Pereceptually guided actions are organized and flexible, not reflexive or mechanical stimulus-response sequences. (can adapt to changes in shape and size.)
