Chapter 1

Question 1

Define Motor Control…

Answer 1

–Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement.

Question 2

Discuss the Characteristics of Motor Control.

2 requires… and 3 influenced by…

Answer 2

Requires attention and cognitive process (MC is not just physical)
Requires integration of mutiple systems including nervous system, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system.
Influenced by and organized around the task.
Influenced by the environment.
Influence by individual factors.

Question 3

What are the factors that contribute to movement?

Answer 3

TIME

Task + Individual + Environment = Movement

Question 4

What are the factors that constrain movement? 3

Answer 4

Cognition
Action
Perception
(can be developed with practice)

Question 5

What is movement organized around?

Answer 5

Mvt is organized around the demands of the task and the environment.

Question 6

How does the individual, task, and environment interact in order to create movement?

Answer 6

The individual generates movement to meed the demands of the task being performed within a specific environment.

Question 7

Understanding the control of movement and action implies that we know what?…

Answer 7

Understanding the control of action implies understanding the Motor output from the nervous system to the body’s
…Effector systems–muscles and joints (musculoskeletal system), or muscles.

Question 8

What are multiple equivalent solutions and how do they create the Degrees of Freedom problem?

Answer 8

Multiple Equivalent Solutions–multiple ways a mvt can be carried out.
Degrees of freedom…choosing equivalent solutions is difficult due to the large number of possible solutions and then coordinating the muscles and joints required to perform equivalent solutions.

Question 9

How is perception important to movement?

What are the 3 methods used by the body to perceive movement?

Answer 9

Perception provides information about the state of the body

Peripheral sensory systems–add interpretation and meaning to afferent info.
Sensory processing–interpretation of sensory information
Sensory selection

Question 10

Why is cognition an important factor that constrains movement?
What is the definition of cognition? 6

Answer 10

Mvt is not performed without intent

Attention, memory, motivation, planning, problem solving, and emotional aspects create intent.

Question 11

Attentional capacity (from cognition)
What do tasks require during their execution?
Do individuals have unlimited or limited attentional capacity?
Why is texting and driving bad?
When considering early learning, how do primary and secondary tasks interact?

Answer 11

Attention (may be conscious or subconscious)
Limited
Doing a primary task (driving) leaves less room for secondary tasks (texting) and it kills people.

In early leaning, primary tasks take more attention (do not make a person learning to walk, talk). As the primary task becomes more rote, the task requires less attention, and a secondary task may be added. (walk and talk)

Question 12

What 2 motor control factors do the level of arousal of the pt. interact with?

Answer 12

The individual and the task.

Question 13

What arousal level is optimal for….
Fine MC, complex cognitive tasks?
moderate MC, moderate cognitive tasks?
Gross MC, simple cognitive tasks?

Answer 13

Low
moderate
high
arousal

Question 14

What are the 3 constraints of the task?

Answer 14

Mobility
Stability
Manipulation

Question 15

What are the 4 classifications of functional tasks?

Answer 15

Bed/Mat mobility
Transfers
Gait
ADL

Question 16

What are the 3 goals of the Motor Proficiency Perspective?

How does one differentiate a beginner from a master?

Answer 16

Maximum certainty of goal achievement.
(climbing stairs) (most aspects of PT fall into this category)
Minimum energy
(marathon runner)
Minimum mvt time.
(sprinting)

A beginner will perform a task opposite of these skills–min. certainty of goal achievement, max. energy, and max mvt time.
Someone whom has mastered the skill or task will perform as per above.

Question 17

What are the 3 components of the task perspective?

Answer 17

Organization
Motor vs. Cognitive elements.
Environmental capability.

Question 18

What is the Motor Proficiency Perspective?

Answer 18

Looks at the most important aspect of achieving the task. Most tasks have an element of at least two. Concept is helpful in looking at improvement with learning.
Max goal achievement
Min energy
Min movement.

Question 19

What are the 2 constraints of the environment?

Answer 19

Regulatory

Nonregulatory

Question 20

What are regulatory constraints on the environment?

What are nonregulatory constraints on the environment?

Answer 20

Regulatory…parts of the environment shape the movement itself. Task-specific movements must conform to regulatory features of the environment to perform the task! (size, weight, shape of a cup. or the type of surface we walk on)

Nonregulatory…these may affect performance, but movement does not need to conform to these features. (background noise, distractions)