Chapter 1 part 2 Flashcards
Task perspective–skill classification (how a skill is organized)
A skill is made up of what?
Tasks can be classified in terms of what?
Most skills are organized around a task. What principles depend on the task a person is supposed to do?
Different tasks or skills emphasize and do what?
…Many components.
….Different dimensions.
…the Principles of performance and learning.
…emphasize different components and place different types of demands on the performer.
Name and define the 3 classes of Task Organization Classification
(Look at the type of task and train to that task type for effectiveness.)
Discrete–brief, well-defined beginning and end. (sitting to standing)
Serial–several discrete actions connected together, generally in a specific sequence. (1 task made up of several discrete tasks. [discrete tasks cannot be broken up])
Continuous–ongoing and repetitive; generally with no recognizable beginning and end. (walking. breaking down a continuous task is not as effective as teaching it as one large cycle.)
Define Motor skill success
primary determinant of movement success is the QUALITY OF MOVEMENT rather than decision-making.
(Like a psychomotor movement)
Define Cognitive skill success
primary determinant of success is the QUALITY OF PERFORMER’S decisions regarding what to do.
Name the 2 levels of Environmental Predictability (from the environmental component of mvt.)
Open-closed
Gentile’s
Open-Closed environments
Define Open
Define Closed
Open–performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion and that requires performers to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment.
Closed–Performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary and that allows performers to plan their movements in advance.
When teaching or learning new movements. Which environment do you begin with and which do you move to when considering Open-Closed environments? Why?
Begin with Closed
Move to Open.
Training for closed movement tasks is often performed prior to that for open movement tasks, which require adapting movements to changing environmental features.
What are the 2 main Theories/Models of Motor Control?
What is their arc?
Hierarchical–old school model…top-down approach
Systems–all different body systems are organized around the task and each informs the movement.
What are the problems of the Reflex/Hierarchical theory? 6
- Does not explain anticipatory mvt. (reflexes must be caused by an outside agent)
- Puts posture and mvt in two separate systems.
- Anticipatory actions require coordination of all systems.
- De-afferented animals show coordinated mvt. (absence of sensory input)
- Brainstem reflexes are tonic (tonic–longer lasting reflexes)
- Spinal level reflexes–phasic and reciprocally inhibited (some actions occur faster than a reflex would cause the action to happen).
Traditional Hierarchical Theory.
How does it separate voluntary and reflexive mvt? 5 parts of the CNS.
- Tonic and phasic reflexes in traditional model.
- Spinal cord – phasic reflexes.
- Brainstem – tonic or postural reflexes.
- Mid-Brain–righting reactions
- Cortex – Equilibrium and voluntary mvt.
How did reflex theory explain motor control? (heavily influenced by reflex theory)
Reflexes were the building block of complex behavior.
Complex behavior could be explained through the combined action of individual reflexes that were chained together.
What are some examples of evidence that present problems with traditional hierarchical approach?
- Voluntary mvt is not separate from automatic postural control. They are nested.
- Reflexes can be modified by training and volitional control. (Theory said reflexes came first then control over reflexes)
- Evidence of bottoms up mvt. (Evasive reflex. You can also train to ignore the reflex of stepping on a tack.)
- Infinite number of possibilities for mvt.
- -Response can be variable depending on conditions
- -Cannot account for all the variables.
Current Hierarchical Models
How has current theory modified Hierarchical Organization?
Hierarchical organization–Neuroscientists have confirmed the importance of hierarchical organization. However, the strictness of the system has been modified.
Each level of NS acts on one another–Current concepts recognizes each level of the nervous system acts on other levels in all directions.
Reflexes are only one of many mvt patterns–Reflexes are not the sole cause of motor control. Reflexes are one of many processes to generate and control mvt.
Central programs control muscle activity.
Define Central pattern generators.
Define Motor programs.
How are they different from reflexes?
The terms are synonymous
Central pattern generators and Motor programs–The stimulus of a motor response created by wiring within the nervous system that is genetically determined. These programs are learned neural patterns reinforced through practice.
More flexible than the concept of a reflex because it is activated by sensory stimuli OR CENTRAL PROCESSES.
Brook’s Heirarchic Control Model.
What is the overall most top level? emotion or cognition?Which system does it contain? What does it do?
Cognition is responsible for what 3 levels and systems? What do they do?
Emotion–Limbic system–mvt memory and mvt demands.
Upper– Association system –selects
Middle–Projection system –Guides (pre-motor and motor)
Lower–Spinal system–Executes
Musculoskeletal system–moves.
