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Genetics exam 1 > Chapter 1: Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Each Cell Contains Many Different Proteins That Determine Cellular Structure And Function

A

The characteristics of a cell largely depend on the proteins it produces

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2
Q

proteome

A

All of the proteins that a cell makes at a given time

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3
Q

Proteins are the

A

“workhorses” of cells

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4
Q

A particularly important group of proteins are the

A

enzymes

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5
Q

Enzymes are biological catalysts-they

A

accelerate chemical reactions

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6
Q

Catabolic enzymes

A

-Involved in the breakdown of large molecules into
smaller ones
-Provide energy for the activities of the cell

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7
Q

Anabolic enzymes

A
  • Involved in the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
  • Provide components for the construction of the cell
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8
Q

DNA Stores the Information

A

for Protein Synthesis

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9
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

The genetic material in all living organisms is

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10
Q

Some viruses use RNA

A

as their genetic material

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11
Q

DNA encodes the information required to

A

synthesize all cellular proteins

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12
Q

DNA encodes the information required to

A

synthesize all cellular proteins

-it can do this b/c of its MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

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13
Q

The Information Within the DNA Is Accessed

A

During the Process of Gene Expression

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14
Q

Gene expression occurs in two steps

A
  • transcription

- translation

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15
Q

Transcription

A

The genetic information in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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16
Q

Translation

A

The nucleotide sequence in RNA provides the information (using the genetic code) to make the amino acid sequence of a protein

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17
Q

The Molecular Expression of Genes

Within Cells Leads to an

A

Organism’s Outwardly Visible Traits

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18
Q

trait

A

is any characteristic that an organism displays

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19
Q

Morphological traits

A

Affect the appearance of the organism

- Example: The color of a flower

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20
Q

Physiological traits

A

Affect the function of the organism

- Example: Ability to metabolize a sugar

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21
Q

Behavioral traits

A

Affect the ways an organism responds to the
environment
- Example: Mating calls of bird species

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22
Q

relationship between genes and traits spans four levels of biological organization

A
  1. Genes are expressed at the molecular level
  2. Proteins function at the cellular level
  3. Traits are observed at the organism level 4. Genes/traits within a particular species can also be studied at the population level
23
Q

Traits Are Governed by

A

Genes and by the Environment

24
Q

The traits an individual expresses do not result from

A

its genes alone

25
Q

traits are a result of the interaction between

A

genes and the environment

26
Q

example, of gene and environments

A

For example, an individual’s diet has an effect on his/her height and weight and even intelligence

27
Q

In some cases, the environment dictates whether a

A

disease is manifested in an individual or not

28
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Humans have a gene encoding the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
- Converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

29
Q

Humans with one or two functional copies of this gene

A

can metabolize phenylalanine

30
Q

Humans with two copies of a rare inactive allele cannot

A

metabolize phenylalanine

  • Phenylalanine will thus accumulate
  • It ultimately causes a number of detrimental effects; Mental impairment, for example
31
Q

Newborns are now routinely screened for PKU

A
  • Occurs in 1 in 8000 births among Caucasians
  • Individuals with the disease are put on a strict dietary regimen
  • Their diet is essentially phenylalanine-free
  • these individual develop normally
32
Q

during reproduction, genes are passed from parent to offspring

A

-Sexually-reproducing species are commonly DIPLOID
-Have two copies of each chromosome
(one from each parent)

33
Q

homologs

A

two copies of a chromosome are termed

34
Q

Homologs contain the same genes

A

(not necessarily the same alleles.)

35
Q

most cells have 46 chromosomes

A

and 23 homologous pairs

36
Q

The X and Y chromosomes of human males

A

ARE NOT HOMOLOGOUS

37
Q

Gametes

A
  • sperm and egg cells are haploid

- have one set of 23 chromosomes

38
Q

The union of sperm and egg during fertilization restores

A

the diploid number

39
Q

Sexual reproduction enhances genetic variation

A

it can results in combinations of traits not found in either parents

40
Q

The Genetic Composition of a Species Evolves Over the Course of Many Generations

A

Natural selection

41
Q

Natural selection

A

is the process in which individuals with greater reproductive success are more likely to pass their genes to future generations.

42
Q

Genetics is traditionally divided into three fields

A
  • Transmission genetics
  • Molecular genetics
  • Popular genetics
43
Q

TRANSMISSION Genetics Explores the Inheritance Patterns of Traits

A

as They Are Passed from Parents to Offspring

44
Q

Transmission genetics

A
  • oldest field of genetics
  • it examines how traits are passed from one generation to next
  • conceptual framework was provided by Gregor mendel in the 1860s
45
Q

continuation Gregor mendel,

genetic determinants pass from parents to offspring as discrete units

A

these are now termed as genes

46
Q

The basic experimental approach is the genetic cross

A

-Two selected individuals are mated
- The traits in question are analyzed over
several generations
- Analysis is often quantitative in nature

47
Q

Molecular Genetics Focuses on a Biochemical Understanding

A

of the Hereditary Material

48
Q

Molecular genetics is the most modern field of genetics

A

It deals with how the molecular features of DNA underlie gene expression

  • Gene organization and function
  • Detailed analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins
49
Q

Molecular geneticists typically employ the GENETIC APPROACH to research

A

They study mutant genes that have abnormal function
- Example: Loss-of-function mutation which eliminates the function of a gene, often revealing its role in creating a trait.

50
Q

Population Genetics Is Concerned With Genetic Variation

A

and Its Role in Evolution

51
Q

Population genetics deals with the genetic variation of populations

A

and how that variation is related to the environment

52
Q

Population geneticists develop mathematical theories to explain the

A

prevalence of certain alleles within populations

53
Q

scientific method

A

It is a standard process that provides a way to validate (or invalidate) hypotheses about the natural world

Genetics exam 1 (3 decks)

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