Chapter 1: Part 2

Question 1

Each Cell Contains Many Different Proteins That Determine Cellular Structure And Function

Answer 1

The characteristics of a cell largely depend on the proteins it produces

Question 2

proteome

Answer 2

All of the proteins that a cell makes at a given time

Question 3

Proteins are the

Answer 3

“workhorses” of cells

Question 4

A particularly important group of proteins are the

Answer 4

enzymes

Question 5

Enzymes are biological catalysts-they

Answer 5

accelerate chemical reactions

Question 6

Catabolic enzymes

Answer 6

-Involved in the breakdown of large molecules into
smaller ones
-Provide energy for the activities of the cell

Question 7

Anabolic enzymes

Answer 7

• Involved in the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
• Provide components for the construction of the cell

Question 8

DNA Stores the Information

Answer 8

for Protein Synthesis

Question 9

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 9

The genetic material in all living organisms is

Question 10

Some viruses use RNA

Answer 10

as their genetic material

Question 11

DNA encodes the information required to

Answer 11

synthesize all cellular proteins

Question 12

DNA encodes the information required to

Answer 12

synthesize all cellular proteins

-it can do this b/c of its MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Question 13

The Information Within the DNA Is Accessed

Answer 13

During the Process of Gene Expression

Question 14

Gene expression occurs in two steps

Answer 14

• transcription

- translation

Question 15

Transcription

Answer 15

The genetic information in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 16

Translation

Answer 16

The nucleotide sequence in RNA provides the information (using the genetic code) to make the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 17

The Molecular Expression of Genes

Within Cells Leads to an

Answer 17

Organism’s Outwardly Visible Traits

Question 18

trait

Answer 18

is any characteristic that an organism displays

Question 19

Morphological traits

Answer 19

Affect the appearance of the organism

- Example: The color of a flower

Question 20

Physiological traits

Answer 20

Affect the function of the organism

- Example: Ability to metabolize a sugar

Question 21

Behavioral traits

Answer 21

Affect the ways an organism responds to the
environment
- Example: Mating calls of bird species

Question 22

relationship between genes and traits spans four levels of biological organization

Answer 22

1. Genes are expressed at the molecular level
2. Proteins function at the cellular level
3. Traits are observed at the organism level 4. Genes/traits within a particular species can also be studied at the population level

Question 23

Traits Are Governed by

Answer 23

Genes and by the Environment

Question 24

The traits an individual expresses do not result from

Answer 24

its genes alone

Question 25

traits are a result of the interaction between

Answer 25

genes and the environment

Question 26

example, of gene and environments

Answer 26

For example, an individual’s diet has an effect on his/her height and weight and even intelligence

Question 27

In some cases, the environment dictates whether a

Answer 27

disease is manifested in an individual or not

Question 28

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 28

Humans have a gene encoding the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase - Converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

Question 29

Humans with one or two functional copies of this gene

Answer 29

can metabolize phenylalanine

Question 30

Humans with two copies of a rare inactive allele cannot

Answer 30

metabolize phenylalanine - Phenylalanine will thus accumulate - It ultimately causes a number of detrimental effects; Mental impairment, for example

Question 31

Newborns are now routinely screened for PKU

Answer 31

- Occurs in 1 in 8000 births among Caucasians - Individuals with the disease are put on a strict dietary regimen - Their diet is essentially phenylalanine-free - these individual develop normally

Question 32

during reproduction, genes are passed from parent to offspring

Answer 32

-Sexually-reproducing species are commonly DIPLOID -Have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent)

Question 33

homologs

Answer 33

two copies of a chromosome are termed

Question 34

Homologs contain the same genes

Answer 34

(not necessarily the same alleles.)

Question 35

most cells have 46 chromosomes

Answer 35

and 23 homologous pairs

Question 36

The X and Y chromosomes of human males

Answer 36

ARE NOT HOMOLOGOUS

Question 37

Gametes

Answer 37

- sperm and egg cells are haploid | - have one set of 23 chromosomes

Question 38

The union of sperm and egg during fertilization restores

Answer 38

the diploid number

Question 39

Sexual reproduction enhances genetic variation

Answer 39

it can results in combinations of traits not found in either parents

Question 40

The Genetic Composition of a Species Evolves Over the Course of Many Generations

Answer 40

Natural selection

Question 41

Natural selection

Answer 41

is the process in which individuals with greater reproductive success are more likely to pass their genes to future generations.

Question 42

Genetics is traditionally divided into three fields

Answer 42

- Transmission genetics - Molecular genetics - Popular genetics

Question 43

TRANSMISSION Genetics Explores the Inheritance Patterns of Traits

Answer 43

as They Are Passed from Parents to Offspring

Question 44

Transmission genetics

Answer 44

- oldest field of genetics - it examines how traits are passed from one generation to next - conceptual framework was provided by Gregor mendel in the 1860s

Question 45

continuation Gregor mendel, genetic determinants pass from parents to offspring as discrete units

Answer 45

these are now termed as genes

Question 46

The basic experimental approach is the genetic cross

Answer 46

-Two selected individuals are mated - The traits in question are analyzed over several generations - Analysis is often quantitative in nature

Question 47

Molecular Genetics Focuses on a Biochemical Understanding

Answer 47

of the Hereditary Material

Question 48

Molecular genetics is the most modern field of genetics

Answer 48

It deals with how the molecular features of DNA underlie gene expression - Gene organization and function - Detailed analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins

Question 49

Molecular geneticists typically employ the GENETIC APPROACH to research

Answer 49

They study mutant genes that have abnormal function - Example: Loss-of-function mutation which eliminates the function of a gene, often revealing its role in creating a trait.

Question 50

Population Genetics Is Concerned With Genetic Variation

Answer 50

and Its Role in Evolution

Question 51

Population genetics deals with the genetic variation of populations

Answer 51

and how that variation is related to the environment

Question 52

Population geneticists develop mathematical theories to explain the

Answer 52

prevalence of certain alleles within populations

Question 53

scientific method

Answer 53

It is a standard process that provides a way to validate (or invalidate) hypotheses about the natural world