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Plant Physio > Chapter 1 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

also called “plasmalemma”
▪ allows the cell to take up and retain certain substances while excluding others

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

various _____ embedded in the plasma membrane are responsible for this
selective traffic of solutes across the membrane

A

transport proteins

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3
Q

delimit the boundaries of the specialized internal organelles of the cell and regulate the fluxes of ions and metabolites into and out of these compartments

A

Plasma Membrane

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4
Q

____ - class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to
___, which is covalently linked to a ___ group; consequently, phospholipid
molecules display both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties (i.e., they are
____)

A

phospholipids;
glycerol; phosphate;
amphipathic

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5
Q

fatty acids:

contains no double bonds= __
has one or more cis double bonds=___

A

saturated;
unsaturated

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6
Q

cis double bonds creates a ___in the chain that prevents tight packing
of the phospholipids in the bilayer; as a result, the ___of the membrane is
increased

A

kink;
fluidity

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7
Q

proteins associated with the lipid bilayer are of three types

A

integral
peripheral
anchored

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8
Q

____ - span the entire width of the phospholipid bilayer, so one part of the protein interacts with the ___ of the cell,
another part interacts with the ____ of the membrane, and a third part
interacts with the interior of the cell, the ____

A

integral proteins;
outside;
hydrophobic core;
cytosol

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9
Q

____- bound to
the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds, and can be dissociated from the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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10
Q

break ionic bonds=
break hydrogen bonds=

A

high salt solutions;
chaotropic agents

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11
Q

____ - bound to the membrane surface via lipid molecules, to which they are ___attached.

A

anchored proteins;
covalently

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12
Q

the organelle that contains the genetic information primarily responsible for regulating
the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of the cell

A

nucleus

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13
Q

collectively, genes and their intervening sequences are referred to as the ____

A

nuclear genome

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14
Q

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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15
Q

space between the two
membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the ____

A

perinuclear space

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16
Q

the two membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called _____

A

nuclear pores

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17
Q

nuclear “___”
is actually an elaborate structure composed of more than a hundred different proteins
arranged ____ to form a nuclear pore complex; central “plug” of the complex
acts as an _____ that facilitates the movement of
macromolecules and ribosomal subunits both into and out of the nucleus

A

pore; octagonally;
active (ATP-driven) transporter;

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18
Q

______- specific amino acid sequence; is required for a protein to gain entry into the nucleus

A

nuclear localization signal

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19
Q

DNA-protein complex is collectively known as ____

A

chromatin

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20
Q

___- densely granular region; site of ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

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21
Q

____– sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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22
Q

elaborate network of internal membranes

A

ER

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23
Q

membranes of the ER are typical lipid bilayers with interspersed ____and
____proteins; these membranes form flattened or tubular sacs known as
_____

A

integral and peripheral;
cisternae

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24
Q

____ - covered with ribosomes that are actively engaged in protein
synthesis; tends to be _____(a flat sheet composed of two-unit
membranes)

A

Rough ER;
lamellar

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25
Q

____ - ER tends to be ___; major site of lipid synthesis and membrane assembly

A

Smooth ER;
tubular

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26
Q

Proteins and Polysaccharides for Secretion Are Processed in the ___

A

Golgi Apparatus

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27
Q

dynamic structure consisting of one or more stacks of three to ten flattened membrane
sacs, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the ___

A

Golgi Apparatus;
trans Golgi network (TGN)

28
Q

each individual stack in golgi complex is called a ____

A

Golgi body or dictyosome

29
Q

plays a key role in the synthesis and secretion of complex polysaccharides (polymers
composed of different types of sugars) and in the assembly of the oligosaccharide side
chains of glycoproteins

A

golgi apparatus

30
Q

plays an important role in cell wall formation; non-cellulosic cell wall
polysaccharides (____ and ____) are synthesized, and a variety of
glycoproteins, including ____glycoproteins, are processed within this organelle

A

Golgi apparatus;
hemicellulose and pectin;
hydroxyproline-rich

31
Q

____ - derived from the Golgi carry the polysaccharides and glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, where the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and empty their contents into the region of the cell wall

A

secretory vesicles

32
Q

may either be
smooth or have a protein coat

A

secretory vesicles

33
Q

mature living plant cells contain large, water-filled ___; can occupy ___% of the total volume of the cell

A

central vacuoles;
80 to 90 %

34
Q

each vacuole is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane or ___

A

tonoplast

35
Q

in ____, vacuoles are less prominent, though they are always present as
small ____ (produced by ____)

A

meristematic tissue;
provacuoles;
trans Golgi network

36
Q

contains water and dissolved inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes, and a
variety of secondary metabolites; often play roles in plant defense

A

vacuoles

37
Q

the ____generated by
water uptake provides the structural rigidity needed to keep herbaceous plants upright,
since they lack the lignified support tissues of woody plants

A

turgor pressure

38
Q

____ – specialized protein-storing vacuoles; abundant in seeds

A

protein bodies

39
Q

during ___the storage proteins in the protein bodies are hydrolyzed to
___ and exported to the ___for use in protein synthesis

A

germination ;
amino acids;
cytosol

40
Q

____ – storage of hydrolytic enzymes; fuse with the protein bodies to initiate
the breakdown process

A

lytic vacuoles

41
Q

typical plant cell has two types of energy-producing organelles;

A

mitochondria and
chloroplasts.

42
Q

cellular sites of respiration, a process in which the energy released from sugar
metabolism is used for the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP
(adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

vary in shape from spherical to tubular, but they all have a smooth outer membrane
and a highly convoluted inner membrane

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

___– infoldings of the inner membrane

A

cristae

45
Q

_____ – compartment enclosed by the inner membrane; contains the
enzymes of the pathway of intermediary metabolism called the ___

A

mitochondrial matrix;
Krebs cycle

46
Q

group of double membrane-enclosed organelles that contains materials commonly
associated with pigments and organic molecules

A

Plastids

47
Q

different types of plastids

A

Chromoplast
Leucoplast
Chloroplast

48
Q

_____– lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids; they are responsible
for the yellow, orange, and red colors of some flowers and fruits, although
their precise function in cell metabolism is not clear

A

Chromoplast

49
Q

___– nonpigmented plastids, which store a variety of energy sources
in non-photosynthetic tissues

A

Leucoplast

50
Q

3 types of Leucoplast

A

Amyloplast
Elaioplasts
Proteinoplasts

51
Q

– a type of leucoplast that stores starch

A

Amyloplasts

52
Q

– a type of leucoplast that stores lipids

A

Elaioplasts

53
Q

– a type of leucoplast that contain crystalline bodies of
proteins

A

Proteinoplasts

54
Q

___- major site of photosynthesis and lipid synthesis which contains
the green pigment known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on its membranes

A

Chloroplast

55
Q

chloroplasts contain a three-membrane system

A

outer membrane;
inner membrane;
thylakoids

56
Q

outer membrane – contains ___= freely permeable to small molecules

A

porins

57
Q

– impermeable to ions and metabolites = restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior organelle

A

inner membrane (chloroplast)

58
Q

_____ - central importance in chloroplasts, where it fills the
role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the
chemiosmotic generation of ATP

A

thylakoid membrane

59
Q

three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal
compartments:

A

intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen

60
Q

_____-between the two membranes of
the chloroplast envelope

A

intermembrane space

61
Q

lies inside the envelope but
outside the thylakoid membrane

A

stroma

62
Q

– stack of thylakoids form

A

granum

63
Q

adjacent grana are connected by unstacked membranes called ____

A

stroma lamellae

64
Q

proteins and pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) that function in the photochemical events of photosynthesis are embedded in the _____

A

thylakoid membrane

65
Q

– fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids

A

stroma

Plant Physio (4 decks)

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