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Plant Physio > Chapter 1 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

The term cell is derived from the Latin ____, meaning “storeroom” or “chamber.”

A

cella

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2
Q

Plants growth and development is largely reliant on the availability of the basic requirements for their photoautotrophic life which includes the ___, ____, ___, and ____

A

light, water, minerals and carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

__ and ___occurs within their body as organic molecules are synthesized or broken down in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical processes.

A

Endergonic and exergonic energy exchange

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4
Q

is the branch of science that deals with plant functions
encompassing plant growth, metabolism and reproduction

A

Plant Physiology

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5
Q

____ unravels the relationships and interactions among various plant processes that underlie plant response, as a whole, to its growth environment

A

Plant physiology

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6
Q

____ at the cellular, tissue and organ levels govern plat functions

A

Plant structures

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7
Q

is the study of the macroscopic arrangements of cells and tissues
within organs,

A

Plant anatomy

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8
Q

is the study of the organelles and other small
components that make up each cell.

A

plant cell biology

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9
Q

two categories of seed plants

A

Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

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10
Q

Gymnosperms= __ seed
Angiosperms= ___ seed

A

Gymnosperms= naked seed
Angiosperms= vessel seed

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11
Q

___ are the less advanced type; about 700 species are known

A

Gymnosperms;

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12
Q

The largest group of gymnosperms is the ____ (“cone-bearers”)

A

conifers

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13
Q

___, the more advanced type of seed plant, dominate the landscape today

A

Angiosperms

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14
Q

The major innovation of the angiosperms is the ___; hence
they are referred to as ___

A

flower; flowering plants.

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15
Q

The vegetative body of plant is composed of three organs:

A

leaf, stem, root

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16
Q

primary function of each organ:

leaf:
stem:
root:

A

leaf: photosynthesis
stem: support
root: anchorage and absorption of water and minerals

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17
Q

Leaves are attached to the stem at ___, and the region of the stem between two nodes is termed the ___.

A

nodes; internode

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18
Q

The stem together with its leaves is commonly referred to as the ___.

A

shoot

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19
Q

___ system of the plant serve as the aerial photosynthetic part while the ___ system serves as the main absorptive and anchorage
system of the higher terrestrial plant

A

Shoot; root

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20
Q

A leaf is made up of a number of tissues that include the (3)

A

epidermis, the mesophyll
layer, and the vascular tissue.

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21
Q

Leaves main function for photosynthesis happens mainly on the ____

A

mesophyll layer

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22
Q

The mesophyll layer is separated into the packed upper ground tissues known as the ____ and the loosely arranged lower ground tissue called the ____

A

palisade layer;
spongy layer.

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23
Q

The ___ and___ shape of palisade cells allows them to
contain more chloroplasts (___% chloroplasts per palisade cell)

A

elongated and cylindrical ; 70%

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24
Q

___ cells, though some level of photosynthesis occurs in their layer, are not well suited for photosynthesis processes because they do not receive enough sunlight

A

spongy

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25
Q

higher terrestrial plants also contain three main plant tissues:

A

dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue.

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26
Q

▪ commonly referred to as the “skin” of plants
▪ it covers and protects the leaves, stem and roots

A

Dermal tissues

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27
Q

▪ plant’s first line of defense against physical injury and infectious organisms
▪ aid in gaseous exchange between plants and their environment

A

Dermal tissue

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28
Q

2 examples/kinds of dermal tissues

A

epidermis
periderm

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29
Q

cells are often flattened, tile-like, usually transparent, lack chlorophyll and coated by
waxy substance

A

epidermis

30
Q

the waxy substance in epidermis is called ___which is made up of cutin and wax (helps in water
retention)

A

cuticle

31
Q

complex plant tissue and the outermost layer of cells in all plant organs
▪ in direct contact with the environment therefore, it is subjected to environmental
conditions and constraints
▪ important for increasing the absorptive surface area in root hairs

A

epidermis

32
Q

specialized cells found in epidermis (3)

A

guard cells, trichomes, root hairs

33
Q

– unique epidermal because they are of a different shape and contain chloroplasts; cells surround the stomata

A

Guard cells

34
Q

– epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in
different plants; help regulate heat and water balance of leaves

A

Trichomes or Epidermal hairs

35
Q

– located near the tips of roots; help absorb water and minerals
from soil; increase absorptive area of roots

A

Root hairs

36
Q

▪ made of semi-rectangular and boxlike cork cells
▪ outermost layer of bark and dead at maturity
▪ replaces epidermis in stems and roots undergoing secondary growth

A

periderm

37
Q

three basic function of ground tissues:

A

storage, basic metabolism and support

38
Q

types of ground tissues (3)

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

39
Q

most abundant type of cells in plants and found in in almost all major parts of higher
plants; comprise most of the edible portions of fruit

A

Parenchyma

40
Q

have thin walls (only primary walls), large vacuoles (which contains various secretions such as __, ___, ___ and ___) and spherical in shape

A

parenchyma;
starch, oils,
tannins and crystals

41
Q

basic functions that occur in parenchyma (3)

A

food and water storage;
photosynthesis;
water
movement and food transportation

42
Q

parenchyma cells that have many chloroplasts, found in leaves

A

chlorenchyma

43
Q
  • some groups of parenchyma cells that are loosely packed
    together with connected air spaces.
A

Aerenchyma tissue

44
Q

which among the ground tissues is dead at maturity?

A

sclerenchyma

45
Q

typically elongated and have unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary walls and lack secondary walls

A

Collenchyma

46
Q

provide support in the growing region of plants, forming strands or continuous
cylinders beneath the dermal tissue of stems and leaf stalk and along veins in leaves,
especially in nonwoody plants

A

Collenchyma

47
Q

rigid, thick and with lignified, non-stretchable secondary walls;
▪ found in any or all parts of the primary and secondary plant bodies

A

Sclerenchyma

48
Q

secondary walls of Sclerenchyma are usually impregnated with a complex polysaccharide called ___

A

lignin

49
Q

mainly support and strength to plant parts

A

sclerenchyma

50
Q

classification of sclerenchyma (2)

A

Sclereids;
Fibers

51
Q

– variable in shapes and often branched, relatively short compared to
the other; found singly or in small groups throughout the ground tissue

A

Sclereids

52
Q

can be found in seed coats of many seeds, shells of nuts, stone (endocarp) of stone fruits (olives, peaches, cherries) and gritty texture of pears

A

sclereids

53
Q

– long and slender cells as strands or bundle

A

Fibers

54
Q

specialized tissues that transport water and dissolved solutes

A

Vascular tissues

55
Q

two kinds of vascular tissues

A

xylem and phloem

56
Q

main water-conducting tissue in plants

A

xylem

57
Q

vascular tissues:

made of dead cells at maturity=
composed of “still-living” cells=

A

Xylem;
Phloem

58
Q

conducting cells in xylem

A

Xylary elements –

59
Q

elements of xylem (2)

A

tracheids;
vessel element

60
Q

– functions for strength and conduction with pitted cell walls; only
type of water-conducting cells in most seedless vascular plants and
gymnosperms

A

Tracheids

61
Q

– mostly are barrel-shaped; perforated; relatively shorter and
wider and serve chiefly for conduction

A

Vessel Elements

62
Q

perforation plates at the
end walls where the vessel elements joined end-to-end to form long,
continuous columns known as ___

A

vessels

63
Q

Principal food-conducting tissue
▪ conducts dissolved organic materials from leaves
to other plant parts

A

Phloem

64
Q

dissolved organic materials that the phloem conducts (8)

A

sugar from photosynthesis, lipids,
amino acids,
micronutrients,
hormones,
floral stimulus (florigen), proteins and RNAs

65
Q

chief function of Phloem is ___

A

conduction

66
Q

– conducting elements of phloem

A

Sieve elements

67
Q

2 types of sieve elements

A

sieve cells;
sieve tubes

68
Q

– long, narrow with tapered, overlapping ends; occur mostly in
nonflowering plants (gymnosperms)

A

Sieve cells

69
Q

This sieve element is shorter and wider; vertically elongated rows of
cylindrical cells with perforated end walls (___); have living protoplasts
at maturity; occur in angiosperms

A

Sieve tubes ; sieve plate

70
Q

– parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes which help regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates

A

Companion cells

71
Q

The two adjacent primary walls, along with the middle lamella, form a composite structure called the
____

A

compound middle lamella.

Plant Physio (4 decks)

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