Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Philosophy > Chapter 1: Modern Conceptions of the Human Person > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Modern Conceptions of the Human Person Flashcards

1
Q

western society made a progressive shift when

A

scientific methodologies were introduced and developed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In contrast to the ancient use of logos and innate knowledge, a more innovative approach to seeking knowledge about the cosmos was found through

A

empirical observation and scientific advancement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In general, the modern period, beginning in the 16th century, was the age of

A

scientific discoveries and

enlightenment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What were harshly questioned and rejected during the age of scientific enlightenment?

A

The traditional

concepts of truth and authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The scientific age emphasized the importance and

power of

A

reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

may be discovered only through the application of reason.

A

Truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

was the existential turning point and object of philosophical inquiry.

A

The study of the human person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the concentration of philosophy during this period was on

A

philo anthroplogy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

focused on the nature and role of consciousness and rational will in understanding and interpreting reality in particular.

A

philo anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major proponent of this modern shift

A

Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

He is frequently referred to as the “Father of Modern Philosophy.”

A

Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explores the value of thinking and the primacy of

the mind, emphasizes logical reasoning, thereby elevating the power of the intellect above everything, even the body.

A

Cartesian Method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DESCARTES: _____ must examine itself and its existence.

A

mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DESCARTES: ______ is a part of a theoretical model that is separate from the body or the outside world.

A

mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The two criteria for truth

A

Clear and distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

can be used to achieve this which simply means to doubt everything, including the one that posits it.

A

methodic doubt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the starting point and the right attitude toward philosophical enlightenment.

A

methodic doubt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The only thing that we cannot possibly doubt is

A

doubting itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

means doubting one’s own doubt is a contradiction in and of itself.

A

performative contradiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The only thing that is clear and distinct is that

A

one doubts, and when one doubts, one may intuitively

state what one thinks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

implies thinking

A

doubt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

affirming the very existence of the

thinking mind.

A

thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

if one thinks (doubts), one ______

A

exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

“l think (therefore), I am.”

A

Cogito Ergo Sum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

a precursor to an endless stream of

consciousness.

A

doubt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

an intuitive, not a logical, demonstration of arriving at the fulcrum
of existence.

A

Cogito Ergo Sum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary concern of Rene Descartes

A

The epistemological question of our knowledge of truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Descartes sought to arrive at certainty without relying on

A

science or empirical evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

always susceptible to change and questionable assumptions,

A

sense-experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

According to him, the mind may exist outside of the body since the
affirmation of the physical body is dependent on the mind.

A

Rene Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The mind determines a person’s

sense of

A

self and identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Descartes believed that the _____ is the most essential thing, while the body is
not even an _____ but a _____.

A

mind; ancillary, problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(immaterial, spiritual)

A

mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(material, physical)

A

body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Descartes defined the human person as

A

res cognisans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

(thinking thing)

A

res cogitans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the seat of authority and the fulcrum

of existence.

A

cogito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

(consciousness)

A

cogito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the essential attribute of all corporeal

substances found in the natural sciences.

A

res extensa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

(extended thing)

A

res extensa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

For him, reason alone is sufficient for knowing oneself and the reality around the person.

A

Immanuel Kant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

a moral absolutist and rule-rationalist

A

Immanuel Kant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

KANT: enlightened reason to develop a coherent and non-overridable set of

A

moral principles to guide us in making moral judgments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The moral agent alludes to Kant’s ethical way of thinking to pose one of the three important philosophical questions. What is it?

A

“What ought I to do?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

it is not the consequence of one’s actions or one’s emotions that legitimize an act’s moral worth. It should be grounded on

A

rational will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Kant claimed that reason alone is adequate or sufficient for establishing and justifying moral law since it is both

A

transcendentally and universally authoritative on all rational beings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Kant asserted that the only thing that is

absolutely good and without qualification is

A

good will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

“act only according to that maxim by which you may simultaneously will that it would
become a universal law.”

A

Principle of Universal Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

“act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.”

A

Principle of Humanity or Ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

“every rational being is able to regard oneself as
a maker of universal law, that is, we do not need an external authority (like God, the state, our culture, or anyone else) to determine the nature of the moral law since we can discover this for ourselves.”

A

Principle of Autonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

For Kant, the inherent and ultimate good is to

A

perform our moral duty for duty’s sake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

summum bonum

A

preeminent good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

For Kant, there is no direct conflict between

A

religion and morality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

first existentialist thinker.

A

Soren Kierkegaard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the human person tends to flounder and plunge oneself for a long time in the aesthetic life because of the

A

hedonistic lure and pragmatistic reward of our mundane activities.

56
Q

allows the individual to focus on or heighten the “will” of the flesh and one’s
sensibilities.

A

hedonistic attraction

57
Q

allows the individual to submerge the ego to instrumental pleasures
and immediate amusements.

A

pragmatic incentive

58
Q

extremely challenging since it demands conscientious effort, disinterestedness, and authentic response toward the ineffable and uncertainties of life.

A

ethical life

59
Q

involves the fascination with the arts and the propensity toward the erotic.

A

aesthetic life

60
Q

the three phases of life represent the

A

natural unfolding of existence to the human person in order for one to achieve his/her ultimate telos.

61
Q

To defeat and overcome the boredom of the commonplaceness of human life, the aesthete should

A

magnify his/her sense of pleasure that is found in art appreciation.

62
Q

heightens the mind to a higher plane of understanding life.

A

aesthetic life

63
Q

one is bound to choose the ethical life when

A

the existential subject in the aesthetic life is ennobled

64
Q

When the mundane life is heightened by virtuous living, the individual becomes

A

a moral subject

65
Q

“Is this the ultimate telos of all human

beings?”

A

religious life

66
Q

The heart of Nietzsche’s philosophy stems from

A

his stern rejection of Christianity as traditional morality

67
Q

Why does Nietzsche reject Christianity?

A

It infers a weak ground of morality and subsumes moral decadence.

68
Q

religion has nothing to do with morality, and it is not a suitable framework for

A

understanding the human person.

69
Q

In the aftermath of the death of God, any _____________ have become obsolete.

A

a priori meanings and transcendental presuppositions

70
Q

What new ethos is needed to combat nihilism?

A

grounded on the concrete call and existential response of the individual to life.

71
Q

the consequential givenness of life once we cut the umbilical cord from any metaphysical assumptions and divine affinities.

A

Responsibility and authenticity

72
Q

the pronouncement “God is dead” is neither pessimistic nor negative but an existential realization that

A

the meaning of God becomes problematic in an age where religious hypocrisy and
theological pretense are more celebrated

73
Q

For him, there is only one true Christian, and he died on the cross; the rest of humanity are all hypocrites.

A

Friedrich Nietzsche

74
Q

For Nietzsche, despite the purposelessness of life, humans have an immanent capacity and inherent creativity to

A

surpass life’s absurdities and difficulties.

75
Q

(Übermensch)

A

a new breed of organism

76
Q

For Nietzsche, as a philosophical trope, the “child” represents the notion of

A

present life and saying “yes” to the fullness of life

77
Q

A “child” avoids anything nihilistic since

A

one looks refreshingly at life dynamically and creatively, not just out of necessity.

78
Q

In the Will to Power, “Necessity is not a fact but an

A

interpretation

79
Q

Why is the negative or reactive value judgment is a great slander against life?

A

It states that there must be a fundamental hatred against life itself if one must live life.

80
Q

Living life affirmatively means

A

living life now in the call of being.

81
Q

To surpass human facticity, one must __________ and ______ to find meaning in this purposeless existence.

A

rise above one’s current condition; breathe

82
Q

This overcoming of the self is not merely overcoming Plato’s intelligible world but _____________ by

A

trying to transcend the fundamental hatred of life; abstaining the privilege
prominence of the beyond (divine) over the present (human).

83
Q

The major aim of his philosophy is to provide the fundamental structure of human experience.

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

84
Q

Ponty attempted to characterize phenomenology using

A

the theory of perception.

85
Q

person’s lived experience

A

Erlebnis

86
Q

He argued that knowledge is essentially based on perceptual experience.

A

Ponty

87
Q

the key to constructing a modern type of epistemic foundation.

A

Motivation

88
Q

Consciousness is perceptual by nature because?

A

They cannot enter consciousness until they first pass through the senses

89
Q

The relationship between the perceiving-knowing subject and the perceived-known object

A

Physical aspect of perception

90
Q

PONTY: perception is more than just a sensory experience; it is an

A

event-horizon that allows our perception of an object.

91
Q

motivation is crucial in his theory of perception

because an object is known by

A

knowing actively through the knower’s

motivation to perceive and evaluate the object based on its many appearances.

92
Q

implies passive perception and a very simple procedure that provides us with
an accurate image of reality.

A

Common sense realism

93
Q

This knowledge of the relation between perception and reality is most
likely enough for dealing with the practical needs of everyday living.

A

Common Sense Realism

94
Q

a complex process in which many things are going on “under the bonnet” of conscious awareness.

A

percpetion

95
Q

Rather than passively reflecting an independent reality, our perception
of the world is influenced not just by the external world but also by

A

the constitution of our emotions,

passions, or feelings.

96
Q

perception is a complex activity and process which involves

A

the affective states, not just the physical and cognitive states of the mind.

97
Q

two separate aspects of human perception

A

sensation and interpretation

98
Q

For him, the dualistic distinction between the “mind” and the “body” is the
consequence of willful ignorance or flawed analysis.

A

Edmund Husserl

99
Q

As a school of thought, Husserl asserts the idea that all knowledge about reality and our perception of ourselves is grounded on the

A

“phenomena” of experience

100
Q

The basic reality is that we perceive ourselves as a

A

unity of experience

101
Q

_________ states that to be conscious means to be conscious of something. By who?

A

intentionality of consciousness; Husserl

102
Q

According to Husserl, when it comes to interpreting the external world, one should avoid being scientistic and relativistic; otherwise, it becomes

A

it becomes subjectivistic and open to arbitrary interpretation.

103
Q

HUSSERL: The accurate description of reality is the basis of

A

truth

104
Q

a phenomenological attitude that is free of empirical biases and scientific
presuppositions.

A

Epoche

105
Q

It refers to the act of suspending or bracketing one’s judgment and refusing to
consent to the existence of whatever is presented.

A

Epoche

106
Q

The key to interacting and understanding the world is

A

to suspend one’s judgment and look at the event objectively

107
Q

The key to interacting and understanding the world is

A

to suspend one’s judgment and look at the event objectively

108
Q

entails limiting the phenomena of experience to presence

A

Refusing to consent (epoche)

109
Q

accepting the given as something present in one’s consciousness without affirming that it exists in the way that it presents itself in one’s experience.

A

epoche

110
Q

refers to the reduction of the object of inquiry or observation to its essence
(eidos).

A

Eidetic Reduction

111
Q

One intuits if the essence of the object under investigation or analysis holds essential or non-essential qualities.

A

Eidetic reduction

112
Q

It means that one must be able to see the difference between reality
(essential/necessary) and mere fantasy (non-essential/contingency).

A

Eidetic Reduction

113
Q

In eidetic reduction, once the essential qualities

have been identified, one must

A

describe the object accurately without affixing or deleting any
qualities from what is already present in the consciousness.

114
Q

refers to the psychological reduction of the

object of inquiry in the consciousness in relation to the intersubjective realm of meaning.

A

Transcendental Phenomenological Reduction

115
Q

The object’s sense or meaning becomes clear at this point.

A

Transcendental Phenomenological Reduction

116
Q

Husserl’s phenomenology, however

arduous, is an attempt to

A

rigorously arrive at a presuppositionless understanding of reality

117
Q

was another well-known French thinker and Christian existentialist who advocated the phenomenological method.

A

Gabriel Marcel

118
Q

His philosophical career toward phenomenology was influenced by Husserl,
but he made this method a bit simpler and more straightforward.

A

Gabriel Marcel

119
Q

Marcel was a harsh critique of what model?

A

Descartes

120
Q

Marcel’s philosophical

attitude is premised on being

A

being an active participant in the world.

121
Q

In other words, the essence of being

human is defined by

A

one’s immersion in the world of concrete experiences.

122
Q

a way of thinking that examines its subject by applying abstraction,
generalization, impartiality, and analytic assessment.

A

Primary reflection

123
Q

is a way of thinking that understands a subject while using concrete
examples, representative models, tangible objects, and synthetic assessment.

A

Secondary Reflection

124
Q

Being a “subject” means that the

A

individual has self-worth
dignity to protect
treat oneself and others with dignity.

125
Q

humans should not create sophisticated and convoluted systems that complicate human existence but rather

A

participate in personal introspection on the human condition.

126
Q

first known self-professed thinker to declare himself an existentialist atheist.

A

Jean-Paul Sartre

127
Q

How can existentialism be viewed in a philosophical approach?

A

understanding

human existence

128
Q

How can existentialism be viewed in a philosophical movement?

A

how one can make sense of human

existence.

129
Q

it is an approach oftentimes used in literary criticisms and critical analysis about the human condition.

A

existentialism

130
Q

existentialism starts with

A

assumption of the meaninglessness of life and the absurdity of human existence.

131
Q

According to Sartre, “Life has no meaning a priori…. It is up to you ____________”

A

to give it a meaning, and value is nothing but the meaning that you choose.”

132
Q

For Sartre, human life is pretty much defined by the

A

actions and decisions that we make

133
Q

From an existentialist point of view, what is an existential subject?

A

human person

134
Q

Existentialism focuses in the reality where

human beings dwell is not just the physical environment but the

A

the lived world that we choose.

135
Q

For existentialists, what is more important than knowing one’s purpose since the latter cannot be fully determined by any human being in a lifetime?

A

finding meaning in life

Philosophy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions