Chapter 1 - Major Themes of Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What are the types of anatomy?
Gross Anatomy - can be seen with the naked eye.
Histology - the microscopic study of tissue.
Cytology - the study of the structure and function of cells.
What are the ways to examine the structure of the human body?
Inspection - looking at the body’s appearance.
Palpation - feeling a structure with the hands.
Auscultation - listening to natural sounds.
Percussion - tapping on the body to feel for abnormal resistance.
Cadaver Dissection - cutting and separating tissues of a dead body.
Comparative Anatomy - the study of more than one species.
What is Comparative Physiology?
The study of how different species function.
Who was Hippocrates?
“Father of Medicine” - Greek physician who established a code of ethics for physicians.
Who was Galen?
Physician to the Roman gladiators who wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era.
Who was Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)?
The first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy and the first atlas of anatomy.
Who was William Harvey?
The first to realize that blood must circulate continuously.
Who was Robert Hooke (1635-1703)?
Improved the optics and invented several of the features of compound microscopes.
Who was Matthias Schleidin & Theodore Schwann (1839)?
Scientists who concluded that all organisms are composed of cells.
What is an organism?
A single complete individual.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs with a unique collective function.
What is an organ?
Two or more tissues that work together to carry out a function.
What is a tissue?
A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.
What is a cell?
The smallest unit of an organism that carries out all the basic functions of life.
What is an organelle?
A structure in a cell that carries out its individual functions.
What is a molecule?
A particle composed of atoms.
What is an atom?
The smallest particle with unique chemical identities.
What is Situs Inversus?
When organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left.
What is Situs Perversus?
When a single organ occupies an atypical position.
What are the Properties of Living Things?
Organization Cellular Composition Metabolism Responsiveness & Movement Homeostasis Development Reproduction
What are the different types of metabolism?
Anabolism - molecules are synthesized into larger particles.
Catabolism - molecules are broken down into smaller particles.
Excretion - the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body.
Organization
Must exhibit a higher level of organization than non-living.
Cellular Composition
Must be compartmentalized into one or more cells
Metabolism
The sum of all internal chemical change
Responsiveness & Movement
The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli.
a) Nerve and muscle cells
b) Self-propelled movement from place to place
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain stable internal conditions
Development
Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism
What are the different types of development?
Differentiation - the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task.
Growth - an increase in size.
Reproduction
Must be able to produce copies of themselves
Physical Variation
Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity and environment
What is Dynamic Equilibrium
A certain set-point for a given variable and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point
What is Negative Feedback?
Mechanism that keeps variables close to the set point.
a) a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms the negate or reverse it
Feedback Loop
End product alters the original changes that triggered the formation of the end product
What are the components of a feedback loop?
Receptor - a structure that senses a change in the body.
Integrating Center - a mechanism the processes information from the receptor, relates it to other information and decides on a response.
Effector - cell or organ that carries out the corrective action.
Positive Feedback
Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
90% of medical terms are formed from?
Greek and Latin roots
Root (stem)?
Bears the core meaning of a word
Prefix?
Added to the beginning of a word to modify the core meaning of the word
Suffix?
Added to the end of a word to modify its core meaning
What are terms coined from the names of people?
Eponyms
What are words composed of the first letter or first few letters of a word?
Acronyms
