Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Who is considered the father of modern science and what did he establish?
- Hippocrates (460-375) BCE
- Hippocratic Oath
What does influenza mean and what is its origin?
- to influence
- Comes from a pseudoscience where astrological charts were used to show how each Zodiac influences each of the organs.
What were Aristotle’s (384 BCE - 322 BCE) thoughts on complex structures and what book did he author on anatomy?
- Complex structures are comprised or built from a smaller variety of simple components.
- On the Parts of Animals
Who was the physician to the Roman gladiators and what important work did he write that influenced ancient anatomist for 1500 years?
- Claudius Galen (129-200) CE
- The most influential textbook.
In what year did anatomists meet to devise a uniform international terminology for anatomy?
1895
Define Eponym
Terms coined from the names of people
What travels through a thermal gradient?
Heat
What travels through a electrical gradient?
Charged particles
What is an electrochemical gradient?
When the flow of ions is influenced by both the concentration of ions and the electrical gradient.
Who is Moses ben Maimon and what was his name in Christendom?
- Known as Maimonides (1138-1204)
- Born in Spain and escaped anti-Semitic persecution by running to Egypt where he served as court physician to the Sultan.
What was Ibn Sina (980-1037) known as and what book did he write?
- Avicenna (The Galen of Islam)
- Wrote the Canon of Medicine
What is a good way to think about a pressure gradient?
Think of it like a hose or like the heart pumping blood.
What is a concentration gradient?
A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane.
What does it mean to go up a concentration gradient?
It means to go from a low concentration to a high concentration
What does it mean to go down a concentration gradient?
When matter moves from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration.
In what direction does matter tend to flow?
Matter tends to flow down a concentration gradient
What is a gradient?
A difference or change in any variable, such as pressure or chemical concentration, from one point in space to another
Who radically changed how anatomy was taught and how?
- 16th century anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
- Traditionally, anatomy was taught by professors sitting on a cathedra above the stench of the dissecting. Andreas Vesalius was the first teacher to teach by dissecting for the students himself.
Who is famous for their studies of blood and what book did they write?
- William Harvey (1578-1657)
- De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart)
What book did Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
- De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
- On the Structure of the Human Body
Who was the first western scientist to discover that blood must continually circulate throughout the body (heart - body - heart)?
Michael Servetus (1511-1553)
Who improved the compound microscope and used it to observe cork shavings and what book did he publish?
- English Polymath Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
- Micrographia (1665)
What improvement to the compound microscope did Robert Hooke (1635-1703) make?
- Stage for specimen
- Illuminator
- Course and fine focus lens
What did Robert Hooke observe when he looked at cork shavings underneath the compound microscope and what did he call them?
- Observed plant cells
- Called them cellulae “Little cells” after the cubicles of Monasteries
What is the baroreflex?
The reflective correction of blood pressure
Explain the baroreflex that sometimes happens when standing up from a supine or facedown position
-A person rises from bed, the blood drains down, and creates a homeostatic imbalance
-baroreceptors detect the decrease in blood pressure and send signals to the cardiac center of the brain stem
-The cardiac center send signals to the heart to accelerate the heart rate
Heart rate accelerates until blood pressure returns to normal
What is a receptor?
a structure that senses change in the body
Effector
the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
What is a positive feedback loop?
A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the da,e direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback.
Give an example of a positive feedback loops that occurs during pregnancy
-Head of fetus pushes against cervix
-Nerve impulse from cervix transmitted to brain
-Brain stimulates pituitary gland to release oxytocin
Oxytocin stimulates uterus contractions and pushes fetus toward cervix
Who invented the single lens microscope and what was the maximum times zoom it was capable of?
- The Dutch merchant Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1623-1723)
- 200X
What is it called when there are blurry edges when viewing a specimen through a microscope?
Spherical aberration
What is it called when you see rainbowlike distortions when viewing a specimen through a microscope?
Chromatic aberration
Which two scientist concluded that all organisms are composed of cells and when had they concluded this by?
- Botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804-81) & Theodor Schwann (1810-82)
- 1839
What is the inductive method?
Numerous observations until confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them
What is the hypothetico-deductive method?
You begin by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis.
What is a hypothesis and what two things must it be?
- an educated speculation or possible answer to a question
- a hypothesis must be falsifiable and consistent with what is already known.
What is a scientific fact?
information that can be independently verified by any trained person
What is a law of nature and what is it a result of?
- A generalization about the predictable ways in which nature and energy behave
- The result of inductive reasoning: based on repeated, confirmed observations
What is a theory?
An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
Do laws govern the universe or describe it?
Laws do not govern the universe - they describe it
Who described the process of evolution in a famous book and what are the two books this person is famous for?
- Charles Darwin (1809-82)
- On the Origin of Species (1859)
- The Descent of Man (1871)
What is evolution?
The change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
What does prehensile mean?
able to grasp objects by encircling them with the thumb and fingers
What is stereoscopic vision?
Depth perception
What was the environment of our ancient ancestors 55-60 million years ago and what are two adaptations that we can explain from that environment?
-Arboreal forest
-prehensile abilities from opposable thumbs
stereoscopic vision
What happened to the environment in Africa 4-5 million years ago and what adaptations resulted because of this change?
- Africa heated up and became dryer turning to a savannah (grassland).
- Bipedalism and an increase in brain volume were selected for
How much did has our brain volume increases over time?
From 400mL 4 million years ago to 1,350 mL today.
What genus are most of the old bipedal primates categorized in?
Australopithecus
What was a result of larger brain size?
Babies were born still developing and extremely vulnerable. This vulnerability led to close knit familial structures.
When did the first hominids appear and what genus were they the first members of?
- 2.5 million years ago
- genus Homo
When did Homo erectus migrate from Africa to parts of Asia?
1.8 million years ago
What were some key distinctions about the first hominids as opposed to Australopithecus?
- taller
- larger brain volume
- used simple stone tools
- articulate speech
When and where did the first modern Homo sapiens first originate?
- 200,000 years ago
- Africa
What is Evolutionary medicine?
analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live and the prehistoric environment ot which Homo sapiens were biologically adapted to.
What is reductionism and who was it first espoused by?
- First espoused by Aristotle
- the theory that a large, complex system, such as the human, can be understood by studying its simpler components.
What is holism?
- the complimentary theory to reductionism
- states that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted form the properties of its separate parts (human beings are more than the sum of their parts)
What do you need to comprise an organ?
At least two types of tissue
What is situs inversus?
the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left
What is situs perversus?
a single organ occupies an atypical position
What is situs solitus?
normal arrangement of internal organs
What are the 8 properties of life
-Organization
-Cellular Composition
-Metabolism
-Responsiveness & movement
-Homeostasis
-Development (differentiation and growth)
-Reproduction
Evolution
What did French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-1878) observe?
He observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly. (Homeostasis)
Who coined the term homeostasis ?
Walter CAnnon (1871- 1945)
What is dynamic equilibrium)
There is a certain set point or average value for a given variable and conditions fluctuate around this point.
What is negative feedback?
a process by which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. (think home heating system)
What is vasodilation?
The widening of the blood vessels (release extra body heat)
What is vasoconstriction
The constriction of the blood vessels (conserve body heat)
What did English physician Charles Blagden (1748-1820) do?
Charles Bagden, a dog, a beefsteak, and some research associates spent 45 minutes in a chamber heated to 127C (260F). Due to homeostasis the beefsteak cooked while Charles Bagden, the dog, and the research associates were ok.
