Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 1: Introduction to the human body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationships between its constituent parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physiology?

A

is the study of how the body systems work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are cells?

A

are the smallest independent units of living matter and there are trillions of them within the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What forms tissues?

A

Cells form tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are organs?

A

are made up of several different types of tissue and have evolved to carry out a specific function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are systems?

A

consist of several organs and tissues that together contribute to one or more survival needs of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

External environment

A

surrounds the body and is the source of oxygen and nutrients required by all body cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Internal environment

A

is the water-based medium in which body cells exist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interstitial (fluid) tissue

A

is a solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells of multicellular animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Selective permeability

A

is a property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three basic components of a control system?

A

Detector, control center, effector.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Control center

A

is the body structure that determines the normal range of the variable, or set point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Detector

A

receives input from sensors and integrates the incoming information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effector

A

is an organ or tissue that receives information from the integrating center and acts to bring about the changes needed to maintain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Negative feedbacks

A

means that any movement of such a control system away from its normal set point is negated (reversed).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Positive feedback

A

It intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal communication

A

involves mainly the nervous and endocrine systems; these are important in the maintenance of homeostasis and regulation of vital body functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does blood get transport substances around the body? what does it consist of?

A

Through a large network of blood vessels. Two parts – a fluid called plasma and blood cells suspended in the plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plasma

A

Plasma is the largest part of your blood. It makes up more than half (about 55%) of its overall content. When separated from the rest of the blood, plasma is a light yellow liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plasma’s function

A

The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma. The plasma then helps remove this waste from the body. Blood plasma also carries all parts of the blood through your circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

transport oxygen and, to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide between the lungs and all body cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

are mainly concerned with the protection of the body against infection and foreign substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

are tiny cell fragments that play an essential part in blood clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

consists of a network of blood vessels and the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Veins

A

return blood to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Capillaries

A

links the arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

is a circuit for blood flow to and from the lungs that provides oxygenation of the venous blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Heart

A

It is a muscular sac with four chambers, which pumps blood around the body and maintains blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lymphatic system

A

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lymph

A

is tissue fluid that also contains material drained from tissue spaces, including plasma proteins and, sometimes, bacteria or cell debris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lymph vessels

A

are thin-walled vessels (tubes) structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lymph nodes

A

are small structures that work as filters for harmful substances. They contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nervous system

A

is a rapid communication system.

37
Q

What main components of the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

38
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

is the division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (CNS)

39
Q

Afferent (sensory) nerves

A

transmit information, such as sights, sounds, smells, and textures, received by the sensory organs to the nervous system.

40
Q

Efferent (motor) nerves

A

carrying neural impulses away from the central nervous system and toward muscles to cause movement.

41
Q

Somatic senses

A

Sensations arising from the skin — such as touch, pressure, cold, warmth, and pain — and from the muscles, tendons, and joints — such as the position of the limbs and pain

42
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

is the body’s chemical messenger. They are molecules that transmit signals from neurons to muscles, or between different neurons.

43
Q

Reflex actions

A

are fast, involuntary, and usually pro­tective motor responses to specific stimuli.

44
Q

Endocrine system

A

is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

45
Q

Special senses

A

are the senses that have specialized organs devoted to them. ( sight, touch, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste)

46
Q

Verbal communication

A

Sound is produced in the larynx when expired air coming from the lungs passes through and vibrates the vocal cords during expiration.

47
Q

Non-verbal communication

A

Posture and movements are often associated with non-verbal communication, e.g., nodding the head and shrugging the shoulders.

48
Q

Intake of oxygen

A

: Oxygen is necessary for the series of chemical reactions that result in the release of energy from nutrients.

49
Q

Nasal cavity

A

is the inside of your nose. It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won’t get nosebleeds from a dry nose.

50
Q

Pharynx

A

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

51
Q

Oral cavity

A

the anatomical term for the inside of the mouth.

52
Q

Larynx

A

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

53
Q

Trachea

A

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

54
Q

Bronchus

A

any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe.

55
Q

Lungs

A

each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed.

56
Q

Digestion system

A

, the system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products.

57
Q

Alimentary canal

A

the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines

58
Q

Accessory organs

A

These are the salivary glands, pancreas and liver, which lie outside the alimentary canal.

59
Q

Metabolism

A

• This is the sum of the chemical activity in the body.

60
Q

Anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

61
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down substances to provide energy and raw materials for anabolism, and substances for excretion as waste.

62
Q

Urine

A

This is formed by the kidneys, which are part of the urinary system. Urine consists of water and waste products mainly of protein breakdown.

63
Q

Kidneys

A

regulate water balance and they also play a role in maintaining blood pH within the normal range. the bladder stores urine until it is excreted during micturition.

64
Q

The skin

A

forms a barrier against invasion by microbes, chemicals, and dehydration.

65
Q

Epidermis

A

The top layer of the skin. It’s thin but durable and acts as a protective barrier between your body and the world around you.

66
Q

Dermis

A

The dermis is thicker than the epidermis and contains all sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, connective tissues, nerve endings, and lymph vessels.

67
Q

Subcutis

A

The layer of skin beneath the dermis is sometimes called the subcutaneous fat, subcutis, or hypodermis layer. This layer provides insulation for your body, keeping you warm. It also provides a cushion that works like a shock absorber surrounding your vital organs.

68
Q

Non-specific defense mechanisms

A

refers to the ways in which the body protects itself from the invasion of pathogenic organisms or other foreign materials such that it provides defense against their harmful effects.

69
Q

Specific defense mechanisms

A

is the ability of the body to develop immunity against specific pathogens, toxins or foreign things

70
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

includes the bones of the skeleton, skeletal muscles and joints. The skeleton provides the rigid body framework and movement takes place at joints between two or more bones. Skeletal muscles under the control of the voluntary nervous system, maintain posture and balance, and move the skeleton.

71
Q 
Sexual intercourse 
(reproduction)
A

is the reproductive act in which semen can be expelled into the female via male ejaculation.

72
Q

Conception

reproduction

A

occurs when a single sperm penetrates the egg and fuses together. This process is called fertilization 1. Once the mature egg is fertilized, the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to the uterus.

73
Q

Pregnancy

reproduction

A

The normal pregnancy lasts between 38 to 42 weeks. During this time, the embryo forms the vital organs that must be present in order for the fetus to live outside of the uterus. The embryo is attached to the mother by the umbilical cord, and receives all of the nutrients needed by this connection. Once the pregnancy reaches nine weeks, the embryo is known as a fetus until birth.

74
Q

Birth

reproduction

A

is when the fetus is expelled. Hormones inside the mother begin a process called labor, which slowly pushes the fetus out of the vagina (known as the birth canal during this process).

75
Q

Etiology

A

Diseases are usually caused by one or more of a limited number of mechanisms that may include: genetic abnormalities, chemicals,
ionizing radiation, physical trauma, degeneration.

76
Q

Pathogenesis

A

is the process by which a disease or disorder develops.

77
Q

Inflammation

A

This is a tissue response to any kind of tissue damage such as trauma or infection.

78
Q

Tumors

A

These arise when abnormal cells escape body surveillance and proliferate. The rate of their production exceeds that of normal cell death causing a mass to develop.

79
Q

Genetic abnormalities

A

These may be either inherited or caused by environmental factors such as exposure to ionizing radiation.

80
Q

Acute

A

a disease with sudden onset often requiring urgent treatment (compare with chronic)

81
Q

Chronic

A

a long-standing disorder that cannot usually be cured (compare with acute)

82
Q

Communicable

A

a disease that can be transmitted (spread) from one individual to another

83
Q

Congenital

A

a disorder which one is born with (compare with acquired)

84
Q

Iatrogenic

A

a condition that results from a healthcare intervention

85
Q

Sign

A

an abnormality is seen or measured by people other than the patient

86
Q

Symptom

A

an abnormality described by the patient

87
Q

Syndrome

A

a collection of signs and symptoms which tend to occur together

88
Q

Acquired

A

a disorder that develops any time after birth (compare with congenital)

Anatomy and physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions