Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Diseases > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes in the body that result from disease

Think physiology - study of the function of the body, this is just abnormal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathology

A

Structural changes in the body caused by a disease

Think anatomy - study of the structure, this is just abnormal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Homeostasis

A

“The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain a relatively stable internal environment.” - Saladin pg 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Feedback loop requirements

A

Set point - “ideal” setting
Sensor - detects changes (actual value of what is being assessed)
Control center - compares the actual value to the set point and activates mechanisms to correct, if necessary
Effector - activated by the control center, will change the actual value to better align with the set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

The response from the effector will oppose the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

The response from the effector will amplify the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Health

A

“…a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” - WHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disease

A

”…any deviation from the normal structure and function of any part, organ, or system…” – Hubert, et al pg 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Primary prevention

A

Goal is to protect people from getting the disease or injury in the first place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Goal is to slow the progress of the disease or injury and to limit disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Goal is to prevent progression and maximize quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gross level

A

Can be seen with the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Microscopic level

A

Can’t be seen without aids, ie a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Autopsy

A

To view for oneself. Gross viewing of a body and its parts after death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biopsy

A

To view life. Excision of small amounts of tissue to be viewed with a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metaplasia

A

One mature cell type is replaced with another mature cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated cells (immature) with varying nuclear and cell structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neoplasia

A

Tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Malignant tumor

A

“Cancer.” Usually metastasizes and is more serious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Benign tumor

A

Less serious tumor, usually does not metasize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death (autodigestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Necrosis

A

Non-programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Cell lysis leads to digestive enzymes being released into the cell. Results in inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced oxygen to the cells

Severe hypoxia decreases ATP production which leads to decreased function of sodium-potassium pump. Build up of Na in the cell leads to cell swelling and eventual death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased supply of blood to an organ or tissue caused by circulatory obstruction

30
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A

Dead cells liquefy due to the release of digestive enzymes

31
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Proteins denature which leads to coagulation (when a liquid turns to a solid or semi-solid)

32
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Form of coagulative necrosis where a thick, yellow, cheese-like substance forms

33
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Coagulative necrosis of fat tissue

34
Q

Infarct

A

Area of dead cells (necrosis) caused by lack of blood

35
Q

Gangrene

A

Area of necrotic tissue that forms in the limbs due to loss of blood supply
Dry - coagulative necrosis
Wet - liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection
Gas - pockets of gas form under the skin due to bacterial metabolism

36
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identification of a specific disease

37
Q

Etiology

A

Causative factor(s) in a particular disease

38
Q

Idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is unknown

39
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Disease caused by the treatment (doctor, medication, surgery, etc…)

40
Q

Predisposing factor

A

Tendencies that promote the development of a disease

41
Q

Prevention

A

The act of preventing or hindering a disease

42
Q

Pathogenesis

A

How the etiology leads to the anatomical and physiological changes of disease

43
Q

Acute onset

A

“Sudden, rapid, or unanticipated development of a disease or its symptoms”

44
Q

Insidious onset

A

“Gradual, very slow onset of disease manifestations”

45
Q

Acute disease

A

Rapid onset, short duration, usually more severe

46
Q

Chronic disease

A

Insidious onset, longer duration, and less severe

47
Q

Latent state

A

No pathological changes are made
No clinical symptoms or signs
Can emerge to cause disease at a later time

48
Q

Subclinical state

A

Pathological changes are occurring but not detectable

Changes to minor to present as signs or symptoms

49
Q

Prodromal period

A

Early development of a disease

Signs and symptoms are non-specific

50
Q

Disease manifestations

A

Clinical evidence of a disease

51
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective feelings of a disease

52
Q

Signs

A

Objective indicators of a disease

53
Q

Lesion

A

Specific local changes to a tissue

54
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms that affect more than one organ

55
Q

Remission

A

Period when manifestations of a disease go away

56
Q

Exacerbation

A

A worsening in the severity of a disease

57
Q

Precipitating factor

A

Condition that triggers an acute episode

58
Q

Complications

A

A new additional problems that arise after the original disease begins

59
Q

Therapy

A

Measures employed to promote recovery or slow progress

60
Q

Sequela

A

Unwanted outcome of the primary condition

61
Q

Convalescence

A

Period of recovery

62
Q

Prognosis

A

The probability of recovery

63
Q

Morbidity

A

Disease rates within a group

64
Q

Mortality

A

Number of deaths resulting from a disease

65
Q

Epidemiology

A

Tracking patterns or occurrences of a disease

66
Q

Incidence

A

Number of NEW cases of a disease in a population within a specific time period

67
Q

Prevalence

A

TOTAL number of cases of a disease within a population within a given time period

68
Q

Endemic

A

Diseases that are regularly found within a specific population or a specific area

69
Q

Epidemic

A

Higher than expected number of cases

70
Q

Pandemic

A

High number of diseases across the globe

71
Q

Communicable disease

A

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another

72
Q

Notifiable disease

A

Infectious disease that must be reported to appropriate health department

Human Diseases (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions