Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Computer Interaction Flashcards
What is the meaning of HCI?
Human Computer Interaction
This is discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena around them.
Human Computer Interaction
This is a set of processes, dialogues, and actions through which human user employs and interacts with the computer.
Human Computer Interaction
True or False:
Computers are part of our daily lives. Our life is affected in way be computing
True
True or False:
HCI is an important factor wen designing any of these interfaces.
True
True or False:
HCI principles should be consulted and considered to ensure safe, usable and efficient interface.
True
True or False:
HCI is not important consideration for any business that uses computers in their everyday operations.
False (It is important)
True or False:
Well-designed usable systems ensure that staff are not frustrated during their work and as a result are more content and productive.
True
True or False:
HCI is not important in the design of safety critical system
False (it is especially Important)
What are the examples that proves HCI is important in the design of safety critical system?
- Power Plants
- Air Control Centers
What can be the outcome when there are Design errors?
Possibly resulting in the death of many people.
True or False:
HCI is key consideration when designing systems that are not only usable, but also accessible to people with disabilities.
True
True or False:
HCI does not provide safe, usable, and efficient system for everyone.
False
True or False:
Any system properly designed with HCI user-centered techniques and principle will also be maximally accessible to those with disabilities.
True
True or False:
HCI principles and techniques is also very high priority for software development companies.
True
True or False:
If software is usable and causes frustration, no person will use the program by choice.
True
True or False:
A lot of computer users actually read the manual accompanying the software.
False (There are only very few computer users who read the manual)
True or False:
Computer users expect to understand the main functionality of an average program.
True
True or False:
HCI provides designers with the principles, techniques, and tools necessary to design effective interfaces that are obvious and easy to use and do not require training.
True
What are the things that shows the Importance of Human Computer Interaction?
- In our daily life
- In business and industry
- Accessibility
- Software Success
- Untrained Users
This importance when it comes to Human Computer Interaction is that computers are part of our daily lives and our live is affected in way by computing.
In our daily life
This importance when it comes to Human Computer Interaction is that HCI is an important consideration for any business that uses computers in their everyday operation.
In business and industry
This importance when it comes to Human Computer Interaction is that HCI is key consideration when designing systems that are not only usable, but also accessible to people with dissabilities.
Accessibility
This importance when it comes to Human Computer Interaction is that Good use of HCI principle and techniques is not only important for the end-user, but also is a very high priority for software development companies.
Software Success
This importance when it comes to Human Computer Interaction is that today, very few computer users actually read the manual accompanying the software, if one exists. Only very specialized and advanced program required training and an extensive manual.
Untrained Users
This implication of HCI Economy talks about machines that can now work constantly without having a break and this leads to improving productivity.
Increase Autiomation
This implication of HCI Economy talks about High technology devices can read date automatically making much easier, quicker, more accurate and reducing complexity than manual inputs.
Quicker and accurate inputs
This implication of HCI Economy talks about shopping online is more convenient for user since they can purchase whatever they want without needing to leave their home.
Shop at Ease
This implication of HCI Economy talks about allowing different companies to make a deal or talk about the business over the internet.
Mobile Communication
This implication of HCI Economy talks about technologies like voice input, text to speech and thought input helps disable people to interact with the computer more efficiently and that affect to economy.
Specialized Interfaces
What are the Implication of HCI Economy?
- Increase Automation
- Quicker and Accurate Inputs
- Shop at Ease
- Mobile Communication
- Specialized Interfaces
This Implication of HCI in Society talks about the way we communication is no longer limited to letters or face to face. Mobile technology has enabled people to communicate to anyone, anywhere, whenever they want.
Ease of Communication
This Implication of HCI in Society talks about the latest electronics devices make sure the input and output process are as simple and easy for the users as possible.
Improved Usability
This Implication of HCI in Society talks about High Technology devices allow people with disabilities to help themselves without much help from anyone.
Specialized Interface
True or False:
Mobile Technology has enabled people to communicate to anyone, anywhere, whenever they want.
True
What are the examples of user friendly devices?
- Touch Screens
- Voice Recognition
- Motion Sensing Controller
What are the Implication of HCI in Society?
- Ease of Communication
- Improved Usability
- Specialized Interface
This Implication of HCI in Culture talks about everyone gets a chance to learn about other cultures and traditions.
Improved Social Aspect
This Implication of HCI in Culture talks about computers and smartphones can now help to translate other languages just typing or saying words.
Minimized Language Barriers
This Implication of HCI in Culture talks about enabling people to communicate without having to be connected to something by a wire.
Developing Living Standards
This Implication of HCI in Culture talks about work is when one’s job is replaced with a machine
Deskilling
What are the Implication of HCI in Culture?
- Improved Social Aspect
- Minimized Language Barriers
- Developing Living Standards
- Deskilling
This advantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about technology advances allow people find a more efficient way of doing things and these processes deliver positive results.
Discoveries in all Industries
This advantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about that technology is possible to improve processes and execute new ways of carrying out tasks
Cost Efficiency
This advantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about the access to relevant information anytime, anywhere has become common place.
Easy to access information
This advantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about communication is like water for life, we cannot develop without communication.
Better Communication
This advantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about modern transportation technologies make it very easy to travel over long distances.
Improvement in way of travelling
What are the advantages of Human Computer Interaction?
- Discoveries in all industries
- Easy to access information
- better Communication
- Cost Efficiency
- Improvement in way of travelling
This disadvantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about modern technologies has been the great ally in the increase and permanence of many ways and conflicts. Technology helps in the manufacture of modern war weapons that require testing.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
This disadvantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about people spending more time playing, video games, learning how to use modern technologies using social networks and surfing the internet, ignoring their real lives.
Social Isolation
This disadvantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about people begin to rely more on computers and other forms of technology for their daily existence.
Dependency
This disadvantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about technology advances in industries and jobs, human workers have less value.
Lower-value of human workers
This disadvantage of Human Computer Interaction talks about increased dependence on modern tools, such as calculators, has reduced creativity.
Reduction of Creativity and change in reasoning
This is an independent, non- governmental, international organization that develops standards to ensure the quality , safety, and efficiency of products, services, and systems.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
This is the quality model established in the first part of the standard that classifies software quality in a structured set of characteristics.
ISO Usability Standard 9241
What are the Six Characteristics that is mentioned in the ISO Usability Standard 9241?
- Functionality
- Reliability
- Usability
- Efficiency
- Maintainability
- Portability
This characteristic is a set of attributes that bear on the existence of a set of function and their specified properties.
Functionality
This characteristic is a set if attributes that bear on the capability of software to maintain its level of performance under stated conditions for a stated period of time
Reliability
This characteristic is a set of attributes that bear on the effort needed for use, and on the individual assessment of such use, by a stated or implied set of users
Usability
This characteristic is is a set of attributes that bear on the relationship between the level of performance of the software and the amount of resources used, under stated conditions
Efficiency
This characteristic is a set of attributes that bear on the effort needed to make specified modifications
Maintainability
This characteristic is a set of attributes that bear on the ability of software to be transferred from one environment to another.
Portability
What are the disadvantages of human computer interaction
- Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Social Isolation
- Dependency
- Lower-value of human workers
- Reduction of creativity and change in reasoning
This talks about interaction with a computer, the human input is the data output by the computer vice versa.
Input-Output Channels
What are the most important senses in HCI?
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Movement
This is used to store information which is only required fleetingly. It can also be accessed rapidly, however also decays immediately
Short-term memory
This has an unlimited capacity, a slow access time and forgetting occurs more slowly or not at all.
Long-Term memory
There are two types of Long Term Memory, what are they?
- Episodic Memory
- Semantic Memory
This represents our memory of event and experiences in a serial form.
Episodic memory
This is structured record of facts, concepts, and skills that we have acquired, derived from the episodic memory
Semantic Memory
This is the process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions.1
Reasoning
There are three different types of reasoning, what are they?
- Deduction
- Induction
- Abduction
This derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises
Deduction Reasoning
This is generalizing from cases we have seen to infer information about cases we have not seen.
Induction Reasoning
This is from a fact to the action or state that caused it.
Abduction Reasoning
This is the process of finding the solution to an unfamiliar taste, using the knowledge that we have
Problem Solving
This states that problem solving is both productive and reproductive; insight is needed to solve problem
Gestalt Theory
This comprises problem states and problem solving involves generating these states using legal stat transition operators
Problem Space Theory
This are problems are solved by mapping knowledge relating to a similar known domain to the new problem
Use of Analogy
This talks about according to the ATC Model, skills are acquired through various levels.
Skills Acquisition
This talks about changes in context of skilled behavior can cause errors. An incorrect understanding of a situation can cause errors too.
Errors and Mental Models.
What are the different views of problem solving?
- Gestalt Theory
- Problem Space Theory
- Use of Analogy
- Skills Acquisition
- Errors and Mental Models
This talks about our body responds biologically to an external stimulus and we interpret that in some ways as particular emotion.
Emotion
This talks about the principles and properties discussed apply to the majority of people, but humans are not all the same.
Individual differences
This talks about interaction (with or without computers) is a process of information transfer
Computer
This is a text-entry device that has a string of characters containing both letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9
Alphanumeric Keyboard
This is a text-entry device that has only a few keys to be used. Letters are produce by pressing multiple keys at once
Chord Keyboard
This is a text-entry device that has numeric keys on a cell phone can be pressed more than once to enter letters.
Phone pad and T9 entry
Most phones have 2 keypad modes, what are they?
- Numeric Mode
- Alphanumeric Mode
This is a text-entry device that deals mostly worth stroke information: the way in which the letter is drawn.
Handwriting Recognition
True or False:
Handwriting Recognition has the advantages of size and accuracy over small keyboards and are therefore often used in mobile computing
True
This is a text-entry device that is relatively low even, for restricted vocabulary. Adjusting the system for use with natural language gives birth to even more problems: the ‘error’ in natural language use, different voices, emotions and accents, etc.
Speech Recognition
What are the different Text-entry devices?
- Alphanumeric Keyboards
- Chord Keyboards
- Phone pad and T9 entry
- Handwriting Recognition
- Speech Recognition
This is an indirect device, because a transformation is required to map from the horizontal nature of the desktop to the vertical alignment of the screen.
The Mouse
These are touch-sensitive tablets, operated by sliding the finger over it and are mostly used in notebook computers.
Touchpad
This is an upside-down mouse: instead of moving the devices itself, the ball is rolled to move the cursor.
Trackball
What are the two types of joystick?
- Absolute Sticks
- Isometric Sticks
These are tiny joysticks that sometimes used on notebook computers.
Keyboard Nipple
It is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling.
Joystick
This detect the position of the user’s finger or stylus on the screen itself and are there fore very direct.
Touch Sensitive Screens or Touchscreen
This is for more accurate positioning, systems with touch sensitive surfaces often imply a stylus
Stylus and lightpen
This is a device used for freehand drawing
Digitizing tablet
This allows you to control the computer by looking at it, while wearing special glasses, hear mounted boxes, etc.
Eyegaze
This is for 2D-navigation, cursor keys can sometimes preferable. The same goes for remote-control and cellphones.
Cursor keys and Discrete Positioning
What are the devices that are for Positioning?
- Mouse
- Touchpad
- Trackball and Thumbwheel
- Joystick and Keyboard Nipple
- Touch Sensitive Screens (Touchscreens)
- Stylus and Lightpen
- Digitizing Tablet
- Eyegaze
9.Cursor keys and Discrete Positioning
This offer less usability, because they can only manipulate the horizontal and vertical movement of the cursor.
Thumbwheel
This means that display is made of fixed number of dots or pixels in rectangular grid.
Bitmaps Display, Resolution and Color (Bitmap-Base)
This is the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain and relaying through the thalamus.
Sensory Memory
This device talks about in LCD’s a thin layer of liquid crystal is sandwiched between two glass plates. External lights pass through the top plate and are polarized. This passes through the crystal and is reflected back to the user’s eye
Technologies
This devices talks about some displays use gas-plasma technology. Projector is possible too. LCD-projectors have small screen through which lights is projected on screen
Large Display and Situated Displays
These are thin flexible paper material that can be written to electronically, but keep its contents when removed from the power supply.
Digital Papers
What are the different Display Devices
- Bitmaps display, resolution and color
- Technologies
- Large displays and Situated Displays
- Digital Papers
This talks about human can use a 4D environment with a 2D device(mouse). The human mind is there for capable of handling multiple degrees of indrection
Positioning in 3D
This talks about 3D can be displayed on normal screen using shadows, depth, etc.
3D Displays
This is where the VR World is projected around the user.
VR Cave
True or False:
If the VT System performances too slow, and there is a delay between movement and image, disorientation and sickness may occur.
True
There are numerous other display devices such as LED’s, and head-up display
Special Display
What are the devices for virtual reality and 3D interaction?
Positioning in 3D
3D Displays
This device talks about having sounds confirms a right action, we can speedup interaction
Sound Output
This are Haptic device that are various forms of force, resistance and texture influencing our physical senses.
Touch, feel and smell
This is not only the function of controls. but also the physical design is important and needs to suit the situation in which it used.
Physical Controls
This talks about many sensors in our environment monitor our behavior. Their measurement ranges from temperature and movement to the user’s emotional states
Environment and Bio-sensing
This talks about the most common printers nowadays are dot based. In order of increasing resolution, familiar types are dot matrix printers, inkjet printers and laser printers.
Printing
This talks about some printers print ASCII-Characters and bitmaps ‘by itself’. May more complex documents are translated into suitable bitmaps by the computer.
Fonts and page description languages
This talks about many differences (like size, color depth, resolution, etc.) between a paper print and a computer monitor, which causes problems when designing software.
Screen and Page
This talks about how it shines a beam of light at the page and record the intensity and color of the reflection. The resolution of the scanner can differ highly between types.
Scanner and Optical Character Recognition
What are the Paper: printing and scanning devices?
- Printing
- Fonts and page description languages
- Screen and Page
4.Scanner and Optical Character Recognition
Most current active information is held in this part and it is volatile which means its contents are lost when the power is turned off.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Short Term Memory (STM)
There are 2 main techniques used in disks, what are they?
- Magnetic Disks
- Optical Disks
What are the examples of Magnetic Disks?
- Floppy
- Hard Disk
- Tape
What are the examples of Optical Disks?
- CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory)
- DVD ( “digital video disc” or “digital versatile disc.”)
Compare to a RAM, this part is rather slow.
Long Term Memory
This talks about the capacity of RAM is limited and therefore multitasks-systems then to swap background-running programs from RAM to the hard disks.
Understanding Speed and Capacity
This technique can be reduced the amount of storage required for text, bitmaps, and video.
Compression
This is the basic standard for text storage is the ASCII character codes. UNICODE is an extended version of this system and can also code for foreign characters.
Storage format and standards
This standard database access is by special key fields with an associated index. The user has to know the key before the system can find information.
Method of Access
What are the things that are mentioned in the Memory Section in the module?
- RAM and Short Term Memory
- Disks and Long Term Memory
- Understanding speed and capacity
- Compression
- Storage format and Standards
- Method of Access
This talks about the processing speed of an interactive system can affect the user by being too slow or too fast.
Effect of Finite processor speed
This talks about the several factors that can limit the speed of an interactive system. They can be: computation bound, storage channel bound, graphic bound and network capacity.
Limitations on Interactive Performance
This talks about Network systems have an effect on interactivity, because the large distance may cause a noticeable delay in response from the system.
Network Computing
What are the things that are mention in Processing and Networks
- Effects of Finite Processor Speed
- Limitations on Interactive Performance
- Network Computing
Terms of Interaction:
Aid the user in accomplishing goals from some application domain
Purpose of an interactive system
Terms of Interaction:
An area of expertise and knowledge in some real-world activity
Domain
Terms of Interaction:
Operations to manipulate the concepts of a domain
Task
Terms of Interaction:
Desired output from a performed tasks
Goal
Terms of Interaction:
Specification required to meet the goal
Intention
Terms of Interaction:
Identification of the problem space for the user of an interactive system in terms of domain, goals, intention and tasks.
Task Analysis
Terms of Interaction:
Core Language describes computational attributes of the domain relevant to the system state.
System’s Language
Terms of Interaction:
Task language, describes psychological attributes of the domain relevant to the user state.
User’s Language
Terms of Interaction:
Computerized Application
System
This the plan formulated by the user that is execute by the computer. When finished, the user evaluates the results and determines the further action
The Execution-Evaluation Cycle
This talks about the user-side that communication is in task-languages and on the system side, in core language
The Interaction Framework
This talks about the user side of the interface, covering both input and output and the user’s immediate context
Ergonomics
What are the things mentioned about Frameworks and HCI
- Ergonomics
- Dialog Design and Interface Styles
- Presentation and Screen Design
This study of the physical characteristics of the interaction.
Ergonomics
True or False:
Ergonomics contribution to HCI is in determining constraints on the way we designing systems and suggesting detailed and specification guidelines and standards.
True
This provides a mean of expressing instructions to the computer directly using function keys, single characters, abbreviations or whole word commands
Command Line Interface
This are a set of options available for the user and it is displayed on the screen. This can be presented text-based and graphical
Menus
This talks about the ambiguity of natural language makes it very hard for a machine to understand.
Natural Language
This talks about the user asking a series of questions and so is led through the interaction step by step.
Question/Answer and Query Dialog
This talks about the primarily used for data entry but can also be useful in data retrieval applications
Form-fills and spread sheets
This is the default interface style for the majority of computer systems today.
The WIMP Interface
What is the meaning of WIMP
Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers
This is closely related to the WIMP-Style: pointing and clicking are the only action required to access information
Point-and-click interfaces
This is the simplest technique where ordinary WIMP elements are given a 3D appearance. A more complex technique uses interfaces with 3D workspace.
Three-Dimensional Interfaces
What is the most complex 3D workspace
Virtual Reality or VR
These are areas on the screen that behave as if they were independent terminals in there own right
Windows
This is a small picture used to represent a closed window
Icons
These are nothing more that small bitmap images with a hotspot: location which they point
Pointers
This represents a choice of operations or services that can be performed by the system of a given time.
Menus
These are individual and isolated regions within display that can be selected by the user to invoke a specific action
Buttons
This is mostly equivalent to menus, except for that a toolbar can also hold buttons
Toolbars
These are mechanism for making the set of possible modes and the active
Palettes
These are information windows used by the system to bring the user’s attention to some important information
Dialog Boxes
True or False:
The presence of other people in a work environment affects the performance of the worker in any tasks for example, by ‘competition-behaviour’. A well-designed system, however, may also work motivating on the user.
True
True or False:
It is no longer sufficient that users can use a system; they have to want to use it as well.
True
What are the experience engagement and fun?
- Understanding Experience
- Designing Experience
- Physical Design and Engagement
- Managing Value