Chapter 1 - Introduction To Anthropology

Question 0

Hominins (hominid)

Answer 0

Colloquial term for members of the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now extinct bipedal relatives.

Question 1

Savanna

Answer 1

(Also spelled Savannah) A large flat grassland was scattered trees and shrubs. Savannas are found in many regions of the world with dry and warm to hot climates.

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of one species are reproductively isolated from members of all other species (I.e., they cannot mate with them to produce fertile offspring)

Question 3

Bipedally

Answer 3

On 2 feet; walking habitually on two legs

Question 4

Anthropology

Answer 4

The field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology; includes cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and physical, or biological, anthropology.

Question 5

Primates

Answer 5

Members of the mammalian order Primates (pronounced “pry-may’-tees), which includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

Question 6

Evolution

Answer 6

A change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.

Question 7

Adaptation

Answer 7

An anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment. Adaptations result from evolutionary change (specifically, as a result of natural selection)

Question 8

genetic

Answer 8

Having to do with the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Genetic mechanisms are the foundation for evolutionary change.

Question 9

Behavior

Answer 9

Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli; the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Such responses may or may not be deliberate, and they aren’t necessarily the result of conscious decision making (which is absent in single-celled organisms, insects, and many other species).

Question 10

Continuum

Answer 10

A set of relationships in which all components fall along a single integrated spectrum (for example, color). All life reflects a single biological continuum.

Question 11

Culture

Answer 11

Behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological (I. E., Nongenetic) means.

Question 12

Worldview

Answer 12

General cultural orientation or perspective shared by members of a society.

Question 13

Bio cultural evolution

Answer 13

The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture; The concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture influences the direction of biological evolution; a basic concept and understanding the components of human evolution.

Question 14

What are the four main subfields of anthropology?

Answer 14

1. Cultural or social anthropology 2. Archaeology 3. Linguistic anthropology 4. Physical or biological anthropology

Question 15

Applied anthropology

Answer 15

The practical application of anthropological and archaeological theories and techniques. For example, many biological anthropologists work in the public health sector’

Question 16

Ethnographies

Answer 16

Detailed descriptive studies of human societies. In cultural anthropology, an ethnography is traditionally the study of a non-Western society.

Question 17

Artifacts

Answer 17

Objects and materials made or modified for use by hominins. the earliest artifacts are usually tools made of stone or, occasionally, bone.

Question 18

Paleo anthropology

Answer 18

The interdisciplinary approach to the study of earlier hominins– their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, and so on.

Question 19

Osteology

Answer 19

The study of skeletal material. Human osteology focuses on the interpretation of the skeletal remains from archaeological sites, skeletal anatomy, bone physiology, and growth and development. Some of the same techniques are used in paleoanthropology study early hominins.

Question 20

Bio archaeology

Answer 20

The study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites

Question 21

Paleo pathology

Answer 21

The branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal (or, occasionally, mummified) remains from archaeological sites.

Question 22

Forensic Anthropology

Answer 22

An applied anthropological approach dealing with legal matters. Forensic anthropologists work with coroners and others in identifying and analyzing human remains.

Question 23

Science

Answer 23

A Body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation; from the Latin sciencia, meaning “knowledge.”

Question 24

hypothesis (hypotheses)

Answer 24

Provisional explanation of a phenomenon. hypotheses require verification or falsification through testing.

Question 25

Empirical

Answer 25

Relying on experiment or observation; from the Latin impiricus, meaning “experienced”

Question 26

Scientific method

Answer 26

An approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis (provisional explanation) is stated, and that hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data.

Question 27

Data (datum)

Answer 27

Facts from which conclusions can be drawn; scientific information.

Question 28

Quantitatively

Answer 28

Pertaining to measurements of quantity and including such properties as size, number, and capacity. When data are quantified, they’re expressed numerically and can be tested statistically.

Question 29

Theory

Answer 29

A broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses.

Question 30

Scientific testing

Answer 30

The precise repetition of an experiment or expansion of observed data to provide verification; the procedure by which hypotheses and theories are verified, modified, or discarded.

Question 31

Quadru pedal

Answer 31

using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian and primate form of locomotion

Question 32

Ethnocentric

Answer 32

Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism often results in other cultures being seen as inferior to one’s own.

Question 33

Relativistic

Answer 33

Viewing entities as they relate to something else. Cultural relativism is the view that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts.