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Anatomy Salvatore > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Regional Anatomy?

A

Based on the organization of the body into parts (regions)!

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2
Q

Name all 11 Organ Systems:

A
  1. Muscular
  2. Skeletal
  3. Nervous
  4. Endocrine
  5. Urinary
  6. Reproductive
  7. Respiratory
  8. Digestive
  9. Integumentary
  10. Circulatory/Cardiovascular
  11. Immune/Lymphatics
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3
Q

What is Systemic Anatomy?

How many systems are there?

A

Based on the organization of the body into Organ Systems.

11!

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4
Q

On what axis does the frontal/Coronal Plane fall on?

A

Z Axis

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5
Q

On what axis does the Median/Midsaggittal Plane and Parasaggital Plane fall on?

A

X Axis

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6
Q

On what axis does the Transverse Plane fall on?

A

Y Axis

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
5) Nervous

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8
Q

What are the 7 levels of organization?

A

1) Atomic (elements)
2) Chemical (molecular compounds)
3) Cellular (organelles)
4) Tissue
5) Organs
6) Organ System (system level)
7) Organism

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9
Q

What are the planes we use for this course?

A

1) Frontal/Coronal
2) Midsagittal/Median
3) Parasagittal
4) Transverse
5) Oblique

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10
Q

What is unilateral?

A

Structures that are found only on one side of the body.

-Spleen

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11
Q

What is Ipsilateral?

A

Structures on the same side of the body.

- Right thumb and right toe

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12
Q

What is Contralateral?

A

Found on the opposite side of the body.

- right foot and left foot

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13
Q

What is Cranial Cavity?

A
  • holds the brain

- formed by skull

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14
Q

What consists of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Encircled by abdominal wall, bones and muscles of the pelvis.

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15
Q

Whats the diaphragm?

A

Large dome shaped muscle

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16
Q

What are organs also called?

A

Viscera

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17
Q

What consists of the thoracic cavity?

A

Encircled by the ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscles.

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18
Q

What is the vertebral or spinal canal?

A
  • Contains the spinal cord

- Formed by the vertebral column

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19
Q

What is the Integumentary system made up of?

A

Skin and is accessory structures

  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • oil glands
  • nails
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20
Q

What’s the function of the Arrector Pilli muscle?

A

Causes goosebumps due to cold or fear

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21
Q

What are the general functions of the Integumentary system?

A

1) Protection as physical barrier
2) Containment of tissues and organs
3) Regulates temperature
- sweat glands
4) Sensation
- sensory receptors and their nerves
5) Synthesis and storage of Cholecalciferol (vitamin D-3) from irrigation of 7-dehydrocholesterol

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22
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

Produce Keratin

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23
Q

What are Melanocytes?

A
  • produce melanin pigment

- melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes

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24
Q

What is the Ventral Body Cavity?

A

Near Ventral surface of the body.

2 subdivisions:

1) Thoracic Cavity-above diaphragm
2) Abdominopelvic Cavity-below diaphragm

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25
Q

What are the 5 (strata) layers of the Epidermis? (From Superficial to Deep)

A

1) Stratum Corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
3) Stratum Granulusum
4) Stratum Spinosum
5) Stratum Basale

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26
Q

What is the Dorsal Body Cavity?

A

Near Dorsal surface of the body.

2 subdivisions:

1) Cranial Cavity
2) Vertebral or Spinal Canal

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27
Q

What 2 parts does the Skeletal System have?

A

1) Axial Skeleton

2) Appendicular Skeleton

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28
Q

What is Bilateral?

A

Paired structures with right and left parts.

- Kidneys

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29
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A
  • Tissues that bind together
  • Cell rarely touch due to extracellular Matrix
  • Matrix(fibers and ground substance secreted by cells)
  • Consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid
  • Does NOT occur on free surface
  • Good nerve and blood supply except cartilage and tendons
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30
Q

How many layers in the Integumentary System and what are they?

A

2 layers!

1) Cutaneous membrane
- Epidermis - Epithelial Tissue
- Dermis - Connective Tissue

2) Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous Tissue)
- Adipose Connective Tissue or fat

31
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Does not have blood vessels or lymphatics

Very few nerve terminals

5 distinct strata layers of cells

4 types of cells

  • Keratinocytes
  • Melaninocytes
  • Longerhan Cells
  • Merkel Cells
32
Q

What type of skin do we have and what are they?

A

1) Thin skin: covers most of our body. Lacks ridges, has fewer sweat glands and sensory receptors
2) Thick skin: Only on palms and soles. Lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Has more sweat gland and contains epidermal ridges.

33
Q

What’s the axial skeleton made up of and where is it located?

A

Made up of skull, hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and ear ossicles.

Lies along longitudinal axis

34
Q

Where’s the Epiphysis of the long bone located?

A

At the ends!

35
Q

Where’s the Medullary Cavity located in the long bone?

A

Inside the Diaphysis

36
Q

What’s the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

Upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

37
Q

What is the human skeleton composed of?

A

Cartilage (a vascular, semirigid, allows for flexibility [costal cartilage], articular surfaces
Bone tissue
Blood forming Tissue
Nerves
Adipose
Dense Connective Tissue (Periosteum and perichondrium)

38
Q

What are a baby’s primary curves before birth?

A

Kyphosis

39
Q

What are the secondary curves that a baby develops after birth?

What are they and their purpose?

A

1) Lordosis

2) cervical spine: lifting of head
Lombar spine: standing up

40
Q

What is Deep fascia?

A

Dense Connective Tissue, no fat.

Extensions: investing fascia, Muscular Septa, subserous fascia

Forms Retinacula

Forms Bursae

41
Q

What’s red marrow made up of?

A

Red and white blood cells

*makes blood cells

42
Q

What’s yellow marrow made up of?

A

Fat (stores lipids)

43
Q

What’s the Matrix consist of the bone?

A

25% Water
25% Collagen Fibers
50% Crystalized Mineral salts

44
Q

Where’s the Endosteum located in the long bone? What’s its purpose?

A

Inside the diaphysis, provides lining of marrow Cavity

45
Q

Where’s the Periosteum of the long bone located? What’s its purpose?

A

On the outside!

Tough membrane that covers the bone, but NOT the cartilage

46
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

Forms a covering of the surface because cells are in contact.
- linings and glands

Forms glands when cells sink under the surface

Avascular supply - No blood vessels

Helps make most glands in the body

47
Q

What are Longerhan Cells?

A

From Bone marrow

Provides immunity

48
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

In deepest later

Forms touch receptor with sensory neuron

49
Q

The Matrix of the bone has 3 distinguished parts!

What are they?

A

Inorganic mineral salts the provide the bones hardness.
- hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) and calcium carbonate

Organic Collagen Fibers provide bones flexibility.

  • tensile strength resists being stretched or torn
  • removes minerals with acid and rubbery structure results

Mineralization (calcification)
- hardening if Tissue when mineral crystals deposit around Collagen Fibers

50
Q

What’s the importance of Dense (compact) bone?

A

Cortical

- organizes into osteons

51
Q

What part of the bone contains the yellow bone marrow?

A

Medullary Cavity

52
Q

Where’s the Diaphysis of the long bone located?

A

In the central region called the shaft!

In between the two ends of the bone (Epiphysis)

53
Q

What’s the purpose of the Epiphyseal Plate?

A

Bone Growth!

54
Q

What are the Blood and Nerve supply of the bone?

A

Arteries (Nutrient artery)
Veins
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves

55
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A

1) Long = compact
- humerus

2) Short = Spongy except surface
- Carpals/tarsals
2A)Sesamoid
Patella

3) Flat = plates of Compact enclosing Spongy
- Sternum, ribs, Cranial
3A) Wormian/Satural bones
In joints between skull bones

4) Irregular = variables
- Vertebrae

56
Q

What part of the long bone is the Articular Cartilage found? What’s its purpose?

A

At the ends over the joint surfaces of the Epiphysis.

Restricts friction and acts as a shock absorber

57
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in bone tissues?

A

Osteogenic - undifferentiated Cells

Osteoblasts- Forms Matrix and Collagen Fibers

Osteocytes - Mature Cells

Osteoclasts - Huge Cells (digests Matrix)

58
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A

Supports and protects tissues

Attachment site for muscles making movement possible

Storage of the minerals calcium and phosphate and concentration under tight hormonal control

Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)

59
Q

What’s the purpose of the Nutrient Artery?

A

Supply Periosteum

Brings nutrients to compact bone, bone tissue of the Epiphysis and red bone marrow

60
Q

Is the bone completely solid? Why or why not?

A

No!

It has small spaces for vessels and red bone marrow.

Spongy bone has many such spaces
Compact bone has very few

61
Q

What is bilateral?

A

Paired structures with right and left parts (kidneys)

62
Q

What’s the histology of the bone?

A

The bone is dynamic and ever changing

This type of Connective Tissue as seen by widely spaced Cells separates by the Matrix.

4 types Cells in bone tissues

63
Q

What’s the importance of the Spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

Contains red bone marrow

Organizes trabecula along stress lines

Found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones

64
Q

Study of motion is called?

A

Kinesiology

65
Q

What are the two ways of classifying joints?

A

Structural

Functional

66
Q

What is the purpose of our joints?

Where do the contact?

A

Hold bones together but permit movement.

Between two bones

  • between cartilage and bones
  • between teeth and bones
67
Q

Study of joints is called?

A

Arthrology (arthritis)

68
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Periosteal

Vasomotor

69
Q

What’s the development of the Endochondral bone and how does it begin?

A

The development begins as avascular within the hyaline cartilage.

70
Q

How does the skeleton store calcium and phosphate and for what purposes?

A

Used in nerve and muscle functions, clotting and biochemical reactions.
- under hormonal control the prathyroid hormone utilized calcium and calcitonin releases calcium to bind to receptors on specific bone cells.

71
Q

What is Superficial fascia (subcutaneous Tissue)?

A

Loose Connective Tissue and fat

Contains: deepest layer of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves, skin ligaments (fibrous bands that connect dermis to deep fascia) will determine skins mobility

Thickness varies

72
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

Dense layer of a network of collagen and elastic fibers and fiberblasts, macrophages and fat cells

Fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and durability of the skin

Contains hair follicles, glands, nerves and sensory receptors & blood vessels

73
Q

Where does bone formation begin and what are the processes?

A

1) All embryonic connective tissue begins as mesenchyme
2) Two Processes
- Intramembranous bone formation = formation of bone directly from mesenchymal cells (within membranes)
- Endochondral ossification = formation of bone within hyaline cartilage

74
Q

What is Bone Remodeling?

A
  • Ongoing resorption and deposition carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild bone tissue
  • Continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress
    EX: Distal femur is fully remodeled every 4 mdonths

Anatomy Salvatore (8 decks)

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