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Anatomy Salvatore > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Regional Anatomy?

A

Based on the organization of the body into parts (regions)!

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2
Q

Name all 11 Organ Systems:

A
  1. Muscular
  2. Skeletal
  3. Nervous
  4. Endocrine
  5. Urinary
  6. Reproductive
  7. Respiratory
  8. Digestive
  9. Integumentary
  10. Circulatory/Cardiovascular
  11. Immune/Lymphatics
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3
Q

What is Systemic Anatomy?

How many systems are there?

A

Based on the organization of the body into Organ Systems.

11!

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4
Q

On what axis does the frontal/Coronal Plane fall on?

A

Z Axis

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5
Q

On what axis does the Median/Midsaggittal Plane and Parasaggital Plane fall on?

A

X Axis

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6
Q

On what axis does the Transverse Plane fall on?

A

Y Axis

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
5) Nervous

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8
Q

What are the 7 levels of organization?

A

1) Atomic (elements)
2) Chemical (molecular compounds)
3) Cellular (organelles)
4) Tissue
5) Organs
6) Organ System (system level)
7) Organism

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9
Q

What are the planes we use for this course?

A

1) Frontal/Coronal
2) Midsagittal/Median
3) Parasagittal
4) Transverse
5) Oblique

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10
Q

What is unilateral?

A

Structures that are found only on one side of the body.

-Spleen

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11
Q

What is Ipsilateral?

A

Structures on the same side of the body.

- Right thumb and right toe

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12
Q

What is Contralateral?

A

Found on the opposite side of the body.

- right foot and left foot

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13
Q

What is Cranial Cavity?

A
  • holds the brain

- formed by skull

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14
Q

What consists of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Encircled by abdominal wall, bones and muscles of the pelvis.

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15
Q

Whats the diaphragm?

A

Large dome shaped muscle

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16
Q

What are organs also called?

A

Viscera

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17
Q

What consists of the thoracic cavity?

A

Encircled by the ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscles.

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18
Q

What is the vertebral or spinal canal?

A
  • Contains the spinal cord

- Formed by the vertebral column

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19
Q

What is the Integumentary system made up of?

A

Skin and is accessory structures

  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • oil glands
  • nails
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20
Q

What’s the function of the Arrector Pilli muscle?

A

Causes goosebumps due to cold or fear

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21
Q

What are the general functions of the Integumentary system?

A

1) Protection as physical barrier
2) Containment of tissues and organs
3) Regulates temperature
- sweat glands
4) Sensation
- sensory receptors and their nerves
5) Synthesis and storage of Cholecalciferol (vitamin D-3) from irrigation of 7-dehydrocholesterol

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22
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

Produce Keratin

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23
Q

What are Melanocytes?

A
  • produce melanin pigment

- melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes

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24
Q

What is the Ventral Body Cavity?

A

Near Ventral surface of the body.

2 subdivisions:

1) Thoracic Cavity-above diaphragm
2) Abdominopelvic Cavity-below diaphragm

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25
What are the 5 (strata) layers of the Epidermis? (From Superficial to Deep)
1) Stratum Corneum 2) Stratum Lucidum 3) Stratum Granulusum 4) Stratum Spinosum 5) Stratum Basale
26
What is the Dorsal Body Cavity?
Near Dorsal surface of the body. 2 subdivisions: 1) Cranial Cavity 2) Vertebral or Spinal Canal
27
What 2 parts does the Skeletal System have?
1) Axial Skeleton | 2) Appendicular Skeleton
28
What is Bilateral?
Paired structures with right and left parts. | - Kidneys
29
What is Connective Tissue?
- Tissues that bind together - Cell rarely touch due to extracellular Matrix - Matrix(fibers and ground substance secreted by cells) - Consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid - Does NOT occur on free surface - Good nerve and blood supply except cartilage and tendons
30
How many layers in the Integumentary System and what are they?
2 layers! 1) Cutaneous membrane - Epidermis - Epithelial Tissue - Dermis - Connective Tissue 2) Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous Tissue) - Adipose Connective Tissue or fat
31
What is the Epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium Does not have blood vessels or lymphatics Very few nerve terminals 5 distinct strata layers of cells 4 types of cells - Keratinocytes - Melaninocytes - Longerhan Cells - Merkel Cells
32
What type of skin do we have and what are they?
1) Thin skin: covers most of our body. Lacks ridges, has fewer sweat glands and sensory receptors 2) Thick skin: Only on palms and soles. Lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Has more sweat gland and contains epidermal ridges.
33
What’s the axial skeleton made up of and where is it located?
Made up of skull, hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and ear ossicles. Lies along longitudinal axis
34
Where’s the Epiphysis of the long bone located?
At the ends!
35
Where’s the Medullary Cavity located in the long bone?
Inside the Diaphysis
36
What’s the appendicular skeleton made up of?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
37
What is the human skeleton composed of?
Cartilage (a vascular, semirigid, allows for flexibility [costal cartilage], articular surfaces Bone tissue Blood forming Tissue Nerves Adipose Dense Connective Tissue (Periosteum and perichondrium)
38
What are a baby’s primary curves before birth?
Kyphosis
39
What are the secondary curves that a baby develops after birth? What are they and their purpose?
1) Lordosis 2) cervical spine: lifting of head Lombar spine: standing up
40
What is Deep fascia?
Dense Connective Tissue, no fat. Extensions: investing fascia, Muscular Septa, subserous fascia Forms Retinacula Forms Bursae
41
What’s red marrow made up of?
Red and white blood cells *makes blood cells
42
What’s yellow marrow made up of?
Fat (stores lipids)
43
What’s the Matrix consist of the bone?
25% Water 25% Collagen Fibers 50% Crystalized Mineral salts
44
Where’s the Endosteum located in the long bone? What’s its purpose?
Inside the diaphysis, provides lining of marrow Cavity
45
Where’s the Periosteum of the long bone located? What’s its purpose?
On the outside! Tough membrane that covers the bone, but NOT the cartilage
46
What is Epithelial Tissue?
Forms a covering of the surface because cells are in contact. - linings and glands Forms glands when cells sink under the surface Avascular supply - No blood vessels Helps make most glands in the body
47
What are Longerhan Cells?
From Bone marrow Provides immunity
48
What are Merkel Cells?
In deepest later Forms touch receptor with sensory neuron
49
The Matrix of the bone has 3 distinguished parts! What are they?
Inorganic mineral salts the provide the bones hardness. - hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) and calcium carbonate Organic Collagen Fibers provide bones flexibility. - tensile strength resists being stretched or torn - removes minerals with acid and rubbery structure results Mineralization (calcification) - hardening if Tissue when mineral crystals deposit around Collagen Fibers
50
What’s the importance of Dense (compact) bone?
Cortical | - organizes into osteons
51
What part of the bone contains the yellow bone marrow?
Medullary Cavity
52
Where’s the Diaphysis of the long bone located?
In the central region called the shaft! In between the two ends of the bone (Epiphysis)
53
What’s the purpose of the Epiphyseal Plate?
Bone Growth!
54
What are the Blood and Nerve supply of the bone?
Arteries (Nutrient artery) Veins Lymphatic vessels Nerves
55
What are the four types of bones?
1) Long = compact - humerus 2) Short = Spongy except surface - Carpals/tarsals 2A)Sesamoid Patella 3) Flat = plates of Compact enclosing Spongy - Sternum, ribs, Cranial 3A) Wormian/Satural bones In joints between skull bones 4) Irregular = variables - Vertebrae
56
What part of the long bone is the Articular Cartilage found? What’s its purpose?
At the ends over the joint surfaces of the Epiphysis. Restricts friction and acts as a shock absorber
57
What are the 4 types of cells in bone tissues?
Osteogenic - undifferentiated Cells Osteoblasts- Forms Matrix and Collagen Fibers Osteocytes - Mature Cells Osteoclasts - Huge Cells (digests Matrix)
58
What are the functions of the bone?
Supports and protects tissues Attachment site for muscles making movement possible Storage of the minerals calcium and phosphate and concentration under tight hormonal control Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
59
What’s the purpose of the Nutrient Artery?
Supply Periosteum Brings nutrients to compact bone, bone tissue of the Epiphysis and red bone marrow
60
Is the bone completely solid? Why or why not?
No! It has small spaces for vessels and red bone marrow. Spongy bone has many such spaces Compact bone has very few
61
What is bilateral?
Paired structures with right and left parts (kidneys)
62
What’s the histology of the bone?
The bone is dynamic and ever changing This type of Connective Tissue as seen by widely spaced Cells separates by the Matrix. 4 types Cells in bone tissues
63
What’s the importance of the Spongy (cancellous) bone?
Contains red bone marrow Organizes trabecula along stress lines Found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones
64
Study of motion is called?
Kinesiology
65
What are the two ways of classifying joints?
Structural Functional
66
What is the purpose of our joints? Where do the contact?
Hold bones together but permit movement. Between two bones - between cartilage and bones - between teeth and bones
67
Study of joints is called?
Arthrology (arthritis)
68
What are the two types of nerves?
Periosteal Vasomotor
69
What’s the development of the Endochondral bone and how does it begin?
The development begins as avascular within the hyaline cartilage.
70
How does the skeleton store calcium and phosphate and for what purposes?
Used in nerve and muscle functions, clotting and biochemical reactions. - under hormonal control the prathyroid hormone utilized calcium and calcitonin releases calcium to bind to receptors on specific bone cells.
71
What is Superficial fascia (subcutaneous Tissue)?
Loose Connective Tissue and fat Contains: deepest layer of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves, skin ligaments (fibrous bands that connect dermis to deep fascia) will determine skins mobility Thickness varies
72
What is the Dermis?
Dense layer of a network of collagen and elastic fibers and fiberblasts, macrophages and fat cells Fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and durability of the skin Contains hair follicles, glands, nerves and sensory receptors & blood vessels
73
Where does bone formation begin and what are the processes?
1) All embryonic connective tissue begins as mesenchyme 2) Two Processes - Intramembranous bone formation = formation of bone directly from mesenchymal cells (within membranes) - Endochondral ossification = formation of bone within hyaline cartilage
74
What is Bone Remodeling?
- Ongoing resorption and deposition carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild bone tissue - Continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress EX: Distal femur is fully remodeled every 4 mdonths

Anatomy Salvatore (8 decks)

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