Chapter 1 - Introduction

Question 1

The brain is the most “_________ ________” on earth

Answer 1

Complex organ

Question 2

Behaviourist focus on “________” behaviour

Cognitive psychologist focus on “________/_______” behaviour

Answer 2

Overt (external) behaviour

;

Covert (internal/hidden) behaviour

Question 3

What is an innate behaviour?

What is a learned behaviour?

Answer 3

INNATE: inherited & fixed

LEARNED: learned behaviour (learned through EXPERIENCE)

Question 4

Who was Aristotle?

Answer 4

Brain NOT involved in behaviour

More involved in “cooling the blood”

“Psyche” = mind/consciousness

Question 5

What is mentalism?

Answer 5

Explains behaviour as the PRODUCT of an IMMATERIAL mind

Aristotle

The hypothesis that the mind (or soul) controls behavior is found in the thinking of many cultures

Question 6

What is dualism?

Who was involved?

Answer 6

Rene Descartes

Idea that behaviour is controlled by 2 entities— a material body and a non material mind

Both contribute to behaviour in humans

Animals LACK a mind

Mind connects to body via the PINEAL GLAND (hydraulic pressure) = move muscles

Question 7

What is monism VS materialistic monism?

Answer 7

MONISM: mind/body consist of the SAME substance

MATERIALISTIC MONISM: mind/body are PHYSICAL

Question 8

What is materialism?

Who is involved?

Answer 8

Darwin

Behaviour can be explained by the body (spec the nervous system) ALONE

By observing similarities b/w humans and non-human animals

Question 9

Describe electricity in the nervous system in late 1700s, 1870, and 1849

Answer 9

Late 1700s - Luigi Galvani used electricity to stimulate NERVES

1870 - Fritsh/Hitzig electrically stimulated BRAIN

1849 - Hermann von Heimholtz demonstrated nerves DO NOT behave like conducting wires

Question 10

Describe chemicals in the nervous system in 1907

Answer 10

1907 - Walter Dixon showed chemicals are also involved in SIGNALS

Question 11

What is localization?

Answer 11

Specific areas of the BRAIN that carry out SPECIFIC functions

Question 12

What is equipotentiality?

Answer 12

The BRAIN can function as a UNDIFFERENTIATED whole

Question 13

Evolution VS natural selection?

Answer 13

Evolution: process by which species change over time DUE to natural selection

Natural selection: heritable traits confer a SURVIVAL advantage in a SPEC enviro, become more prevalent over time

Question 14

What is a population?

Answer 14

SUBSET of individuals of ONE species that occupies a partic geographic area and INTERBREEDS

Question 15

What is selective breeding?

Answer 15

Mate individuals with DESIRABLE characteristics = offspring will have those characteristics

Question 16

Heredity VS gene ?

Answer 16

Heredity: passing BIOLOGICAL traits from parents to offspring

Gene: basic UNIT of heredity

Question 17

Who was Gregor Mendel?

Answer 17

Heritable factors (genes) are inherited in predictable PATTERNS, often expressed as a physical trait

Question 18

Genes “__________” for “________”

Answer 18

“Code; proteins”

Genes—-> transcription———> messengers———-> translation———> work force

Question 19

Mutation “___________” variation

Answer 19

“introduces”

Change in the DNA sequence of an organism that occurs because of ERRORS

Can lead to changes in the protein structure produced

Question 20

Mutations can be “_______, ______, or ________”

Answer 20

“Good, bad or neutral”

GOOD: adaptations

BAD: removed from pop

NEUTRAL: up to chance

Question 21

Genotype VS phenotype?

Answer 21

Genotype: specific GENETIC makeup (present from birth)

Phenotype: observable characteristics DUE to genetic makeup (altered by genes, enviro etc…)

Question 22

Break down a gene path

Answer 22

Genes (segments of DNA) —> chromosome of every pair from each parent —> nucleus contains 46 chromosomes —> each human cell contains nucleus (except red blood cells) —> human body contains 100 trillion cells

Question 23

What do we see in somatic cells?

Answer 23

2 pairs of each chromosome

IF GENE IN PAIR IS DOMINANT…
character controls will be displayed

IF GENE IN PAIR IS RECESSIVE…
will not show up unless the partner gene is also recessive

Can have same phenotype, but DIFF genotype

Question 24

What is an allele?

Answer 24

Different VERSIONS of a gene

1) dominant: produced regardless of what gene it’s paired with

2) recessive: has influence only when paired with the SAME allele

Heterozygous- different alleles

Homozygous - identical alleles

Question 25

What is pleiotropy?

Answer 25

Genes that have more than one PHENOTYPIC effect

Question 26

What is polygenic?

Answer 26

Traits influenced by more than one gene

Question 27

What is a modifier gene?

Answer 27

Can change the way a trait is expressed

Question 28

What is polygenic transmission?

Answer 28

of gene pairs combine to crease a single phenotypic trait

Pigment variation in skin colour

Question 29

What is epigenetic?

Answer 29

Lasting CHANGES in gene expression during development that are NOT cause by the genes themselves

Question 30

What is DNA methylation?

Answer 30

Adding a methyl group to DNA

An “off” switch

Question 31

What is histone modification?

Answer 31

Chemical changes to his tones

Modify proteins that condense DNA

An “on” OR “off” switch

Question 32

What is heritability?

Answer 32

Measure of how well differences in people’s GENES account for differences in their traits

***CAN DIFFER B/W POPULATIONS

Question 33

What did they find in the adoption studies?

Answer 33

Share environment, but NOT genes with adoptive relatives

OPPOSITE way around for biological relatives

Question 34

How does the twin studies differ from the adoption studies?

Answer 34

Separates genetic and environmental influences

Question 35

What are monozygotic (MZ) twins?

Answer 35

Single fertilized egg splits into two genetically identical organisms

3.5/1000 births

Question 36

What are dizygotic (DZ) twins?

Answer 36

Two superstate fertilized eggs

More common in older women

Question 37

MZ twins are “________ __ ________” as DZ twins

Answer 37

“Twice as similar”

Strong genetic component

Question 38

What are 5 reasons why you should study the relation of brain and behaviour?

Answer 38

1. How the brain produces behaviour is a MAJOR scientific question
2. The brain is the most COMPLEX ORGAN on earth and is found in many groups of animals
3. A growing list of behavioural disorders can be explained & treated as we increase our understanding of the brain
4. Study of the brain can lead to an understanding of DIVERSITY
5. ^^^ brings insights to other fields of knowledge and is a source of EMPLOYMENT

Question 39

The forebrain is proposed to be responsible for our “__________” behaviour

The forebrain “_______” the cerebellum, the set of structures responsible for most of our “__________” behaviour

Answer 39

Conscious

Enfolds; unconscious

Question 40

What was the evolution of nervous system in animals?

Answer 40

1. Neurons & muscles
2. Nerve net
3. Bilateral symmetry
4. Segmentation
5. Ganglia
6. Spinal cord