Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards
The brain is the most “_________ ________” on earth
Complex organ
Behaviourist focus on “________” behaviour
Cognitive psychologist focus on “________/_______” behaviour
Overt (external) behaviour
;
Covert (internal/hidden) behaviour
What is an innate behaviour?
What is a learned behaviour?
INNATE: inherited & fixed
LEARNED: learned behaviour (learned through EXPERIENCE)
Who was Aristotle?
Brain NOT involved in behaviour
More involved in “cooling the blood”
“Psyche” = mind/consciousness
What is mentalism?
Explains behaviour as the PRODUCT of an IMMATERIAL mind
Aristotle
The hypothesis that the mind (or soul) controls behavior is found in the thinking of many cultures
What is dualism?
Who was involved?
Rene Descartes
Idea that behaviour is controlled by 2 entities— a material body and a non material mind
Both contribute to behaviour in humans
Animals LACK a mind
Mind connects to body via the PINEAL GLAND (hydraulic pressure) = move muscles
What is monism VS materialistic monism?
MONISM: mind/body consist of the SAME substance
MATERIALISTIC MONISM: mind/body are PHYSICAL
What is materialism?
Who is involved?
Darwin
Behaviour can be explained by the body (spec the nervous system) ALONE
By observing similarities b/w humans and non-human animals
Describe electricity in the nervous system in late 1700s, 1870, and 1849
Late 1700s - Luigi Galvani used electricity to stimulate NERVES
1870 - Fritsh/Hitzig electrically stimulated BRAIN
1849 - Hermann von Heimholtz demonstrated nerves DO NOT behave like conducting wires
Describe chemicals in the nervous system in 1907
1907 - Walter Dixon showed chemicals are also involved in SIGNALS
What is localization?
Specific areas of the BRAIN that carry out SPECIFIC functions
What is equipotentiality?
The BRAIN can function as a UNDIFFERENTIATED whole
Evolution VS natural selection?
Evolution: process by which species change over time DUE to natural selection
Natural selection: heritable traits confer a SURVIVAL advantage in a SPEC enviro, become more prevalent over time
What is a population?
SUBSET of individuals of ONE species that occupies a partic geographic area and INTERBREEDS
What is selective breeding?
Mate individuals with DESIRABLE characteristics = offspring will have those characteristics
Heredity VS gene ?
Heredity: passing BIOLOGICAL traits from parents to offspring
Gene: basic UNIT of heredity
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Heritable factors (genes) are inherited in predictable PATTERNS, often expressed as a physical trait
Genes “__________” for “________”
“Code; proteins”
Genes—-> transcription———> messengers———-> translation———> work force
Mutation “___________” variation
“introduces”
Change in the DNA sequence of an organism that occurs because of ERRORS
Can lead to changes in the protein structure produced
Mutations can be “_______, ______, or ________”
“Good, bad or neutral”
GOOD: adaptations
BAD: removed from pop
NEUTRAL: up to chance
Genotype VS phenotype?
Genotype: specific GENETIC makeup (present from birth)
Phenotype: observable characteristics DUE to genetic makeup (altered by genes, enviro etc…)
Break down a gene path
Genes (segments of DNA) —> chromosome of every pair from each parent —> nucleus contains 46 chromosomes —> each human cell contains nucleus (except red blood cells) —> human body contains 100 trillion cells
What do we see in somatic cells?
2 pairs of each chromosome
IF GENE IN PAIR IS DOMINANT…
character controls will be displayed
IF GENE IN PAIR IS RECESSIVE…
will not show up unless the partner gene is also recessive
Can have same phenotype, but DIFF genotype
What is an allele?
Different VERSIONS of a gene
1) dominant: produced regardless of what gene it’s paired with
2) recessive: has influence only when paired with the SAME allele
Heterozygous- different alleles
Homozygous - identical alleles
