Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
What 2 words does the word psychology come from?
psyche
logos
What does psyche mean in Greek?
soul and spirit translated as mind
What does the Greek word logos mean?
knowledge or study like all “logies”
What is the international symbol for psychology?
the first Greek letter psi
Psychology was first defined as __________.
the study of the mind
Define psychology.
the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
Define Behavior
Observable actions or responses in both humans and animals
Define Mental process
Not directly observable; refers to a wide range of complex mental processes, such as thinking, imagining, studying, and dreaming
psychology aims to understand humans by what process?
scientific methods
what is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
psychology
What are observable actions or responses in both humans and animals
behavior
What is not directly observable and refers to a wide range of complex mental processes, such as thinking, imagining, studying, and daydreaming.
mental process
Psychology is based on what type of evidence?
empirical evidence
Since psychology is studied by the scientific method, it is based on what 2 things and not what?
based on observable, measurable facts, not opinions or beliefs
What are the 4 goals of psychology?
to describe, explain, predict, change/ and control human behavior
What does psychology describe?
describe the different ways that organisms behave (What?)
What does psychology explain?
explain the causes of behavior (Why)
What does psychology predict?
predicts how organisms will behave in certain situations (When)
What does psychology aim to do, the fourth goal defined
It aims to use psychological knowledge to prevent undesired outcome or behavior and promote/ develop desired behavior
Psychology is a ______ and a _____
- science
2. art
What are the 5 psychological approaches?
- Neurobiological approach
- behavioral approach
- Cognitive approach
- Psychoanalytic approach
- humanistic approach
define the psychoanalytic approach
- based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of later personality traits and problems
- stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts, behaviors, and development of personality traits and problems
Who popularized the psychoanalytic approach?
Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychologist
What did Freud base his psychoanalytic theory on?
intensive care studies
what were all the approaches based on except for the psychoanalytic approach?
experimental studies
the psychoanalytic approach is based on what type of activities?
unconscious mental activities
In Freud’s psychoanalytic approach what did he divide the mind into.
ego, id, superego
Explain the id
The id is the subconscious pleasure seeking part on the mind
Define superego
the superego is the mostly subconscious moral imperative in the mind
Define ego
The ego is the balancer between the ego and superego; it is half conscious and subconscious
Who popularized the Behavioral approach?
B.F. Skinner, Americal psychologist
What does the behavioral approach focus on?
it focuses on how one’s environment and external stimuli affect person’s mental states and development and how these factors train a person for behaviors they will exhibit later on.
What does the behavioral approach study?
- It studies how organisms learn and modify existing behaviors , based on rewards and punishments.
- learning leads to permanent behavior changes
- interested in environment more than biological factors
- S-R approach (Stimulus-Response)
Who popularized the Humanistic approach?
Carl Rogers, American psychologist
The humanistic approach teaches what 3 things?
- every individual has a free will
- mankind is inherently “good”
- We are motivated by a desire to improve ourselves.
What does the humanistic approach emphasize?
Each individual has
- great freedom in directing their future
- a large capacity for personal growth
- an enormous potential for self-fulfillment
What idea is included in the humanistic approach?
existentialism
According to the humanistic approach what are the three goals of every human?
- to reach their highest potential
- to know their worth
- To be responsible for themselves and their actions
- And to accept the consequences of their choices.
How do many behavioral psychologists view the humanistic approach?
As a philosophy of life.
why do many behavioral psychologist view the humanistic approach as a philosophy rather than a science?
Because of its free-will concept of human nature and lack of experimental methods
Who popularized the cognitive approach to psychology?
Ulric Neisser, German-American psychologist
How does the cognitive approach view the mind?
as a “processor of information”
According to the cognitive, what are people’s behaviors and perspectives based on?
the knowledge that they already have as well as their past experiences.
The cognitive approach focuses on free will with decisions determined by what?
one’s memory and their ability to process this information into forming the choices they will presently and later make.
What does the cognitive approach examine about information?
It examines how we process, store, and use info as well as how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.
How do we process info according to the cognitive system?
We see, send that info to the nervous system, and then to the brain for processing.
What does the neurobiological approach focus on?
how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, and coping techniques
What does the neurobiological approach study?
the brain and nervous system
What do the eclectic approaches do?
they use a variety of methods, principles and philosophies to create a treatment program that caters to a client’s unique needs.
List the 6 benefits of studying psychology.
- Understand human nature
- Adapt and solve mental problems
- Make decisions for yourself and others wisely
- Improve communication skills
- make plans for future career
- Have better career prospects both within the health industry and the business and educational settings
Concisely list the benefits of psychology
- Understand basic psychological concepts and able to apply to daily life
- Understand self and others
- Live happily in the society with appropriate adjustments
List several different types of psychologists
Experimental psychologist psychophysiologist developmental psychologists Personality psychologists Social psychologist Clinal psychologist School psychologist Experimental psychologist Industrial & Organizational psychologists Engineering psychologist
