Chapter 1: Introduction

Question 1

What 2 words does the word psychology come from?

Answer 1

psyche

logos

Question 2

What does psyche mean in Greek?

Answer 2

soul and spirit translated as mind

Question 3

What does the Greek word logos mean?

Answer 3

knowledge or study like all “logies”

Question 4

What is the international symbol for psychology?

Answer 4

the first Greek letter psi

Question 5

Psychology was first defined as __________.

Answer 5

the study of the mind

Question 6

Define psychology.

Answer 6

the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes

Question 7

Define Behavior

Answer 7

Observable actions or responses in both humans and animals

Question 8

Define Mental process

Answer 8

Not directly observable; refers to a wide range of complex mental processes, such as thinking, imagining, studying, and dreaming

Question 9

psychology aims to understand humans by what process?

Answer 9

scientific methods

Question 10

what is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes

Answer 10

psychology

Question 11

What are observable actions or responses in both humans and animals

Answer 11

behavior

Question 12

What is not directly observable and refers to a wide range of complex mental processes, such as thinking, imagining, studying, and daydreaming.

Answer 12

mental process

Question 13

Psychology is based on what type of evidence?

Answer 13

empirical evidence

Question 14

Since psychology is studied by the scientific method, it is based on what 2 things and not what?

Answer 14

based on observable, measurable facts, not opinions or beliefs

Question 15

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

Answer 15

to describe, explain, predict, change/ and control human behavior

Question 16

What does psychology describe?

Answer 16

describe the different ways that organisms behave (What?)

Question 17

What does psychology explain?

Answer 17

explain the causes of behavior (Why)

Question 18

What does psychology predict?

Answer 18

predicts how organisms will behave in certain situations (When)

Question 19

What does psychology aim to do, the fourth goal defined

Answer 19

It aims to use psychological knowledge to prevent undesired outcome or behavior and promote/ develop desired behavior

Question 20

Psychology is a ______ and a _____

Answer 20

1. science

2. art

Question 21

What are the 5 psychological approaches?

Answer 21

1. Neurobiological approach
2. behavioral approach
3. Cognitive approach
4. Psychoanalytic approach
5. humanistic approach

Question 22

define the psychoanalytic approach

Answer 22

1. based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of later personality traits and problems
2. stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts, behaviors, and development of personality traits and problems

Question 23

Who popularized the psychoanalytic approach?

Answer 23

Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychologist

Question 24

What did Freud base his psychoanalytic theory on?

Answer 24

intensive care studies

Question 25

what were all the approaches based on except for the psychoanalytic approach?

Answer 25

experimental studies

Question 26

the psychoanalytic approach is based on what type of activities?

Answer 26

unconscious mental activities

Question 27

In Freud's psychoanalytic approach what did he divide the mind into.

Answer 27

ego, id, superego

Question 28

Explain the id

Answer 28

The id is the subconscious pleasure seeking part on the mind

Question 29

Define superego

Answer 29

the superego is the mostly subconscious moral imperative in the mind

Question 30

Define ego

Answer 30

The ego is the balancer between the ego and superego; it is half conscious and subconscious

Question 31

Who popularized the Behavioral approach?

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner, Americal psychologist

Question 32

What does the behavioral approach focus on?

Answer 32

it focuses on how one's environment and external stimuli affect person's mental states and development and how these factors train a person for behaviors they will exhibit later on.

Question 33

What does the behavioral approach study?

Answer 33

1. It studies how organisms learn and modify existing behaviors , based on rewards and punishments. 2. learning leads to permanent behavior changes 3. interested in environment more than biological factors 4. S-R approach (Stimulus-Response)

Question 34

Who popularized the Humanistic approach?

Answer 34

Carl Rogers, American psychologist

Question 35

The humanistic approach teaches what 3 things?

Answer 35

1. every individual has a free will 2. mankind is inherently "good" 3. We are motivated by a desire to improve ourselves.

Question 36

What does the humanistic approach emphasize?

Answer 36

Each individual has 1. great freedom in directing their future 2. a large capacity for personal growth 3. an enormous potential for self-fulfillment

Question 37

What idea is included in the humanistic approach?

Answer 37

existentialism

Question 38

According to the humanistic approach what are the three goals of every human?

Answer 38

1. to reach their highest potential 2. to know their worth 3. To be responsible for themselves and their actions 4. And to accept the consequences of their choices.

Question 39

How do many behavioral psychologists view the humanistic approach?

Answer 39

As a philosophy of life.

Question 40

why do many behavioral psychologist view the humanistic approach as a philosophy rather than a science?

Answer 40

Because of its free-will concept of human nature and lack of experimental methods

Question 41

Who popularized the cognitive approach to psychology?

Answer 41

Ulric Neisser, German-American psychologist

Question 42

How does the cognitive approach view the mind?

Answer 42

as a "processor of information"

Question 43

According to the cognitive, what are people's behaviors and perspectives based on?

Answer 43

the knowledge that they already have as well as their past experiences.

Question 44

The cognitive approach focuses on free will with decisions determined by what?

Answer 44

one's memory and their ability to process this information into forming the choices they will presently and later make.

Question 45

What does the cognitive approach examine about information?

Answer 45

It examines how we process, store, and use info as well as how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.

Question 46

How do we process info according to the cognitive system?

Answer 46

We see, send that info to the nervous system, and then to the brain for processing.

Question 47

What does the neurobiological approach focus on?

Answer 47

how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, and coping techniques

Question 48

What does the neurobiological approach study?

Answer 48

the brain and nervous system

Question 49

What do the eclectic approaches do?

Answer 49

they use a variety of methods, principles and philosophies to create a treatment program that caters to a client's unique needs.

Question 50

List the 6 benefits of studying psychology.

Answer 50

1. Understand human nature 2. Adapt and solve mental problems 3. Make decisions for yourself and others wisely 4. Improve communication skills 5. make plans for future career 6. Have better career prospects both within the health industry and the business and educational settings

Question 51

Concisely list the benefits of psychology

Answer 51

1. Understand basic psychological concepts and able to apply to daily life 2. Understand self and others 3. Live happily in the society with appropriate adjustments

Question 52

List several different types of psychologists

Answer 52

``` Experimental psychologist psychophysiologist developmental psychologists Personality psychologists Social psychologist Clinal psychologist School psychologist Experimental psychologist Industrial & Organizational psychologists Engineering psychologist ```