Chapter 1: Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of body parts, and the relationships to one another

Comes from Greek root that means “to cut apart”

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the body parts work or function

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3
Q

Macroscopic anatomy

A

Anatomy that is large, and easily observed by the naked eye

Ex. Organs

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4
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Anatomy that you would need a microscope to observe.

Ex. Cells

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5
Q

Structural organization

A

1) Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organism

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6
Q

Chemical (structural organization)

A

Atoms join together to form molecules

Ex. DNA

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7
Q

Cellular (structural organization)

A

Molecules interact to form cells.

(This is the lowest level at which life exists.)

Ex. Smooth muscle cell

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8
Q

Tissue (structural organization)

A

Groups of similar cells with a common function.

Ex. Smooth muscle tissue

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9
Q

Organ (structural organization)

A

Two or more tissues form an organ with a specific function.

Ex. The stomach

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10
Q

System (structural organization)

A

Several organs form a system with a common function.

Ex. Digestive system

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11
Q

Organism (structural organization)

A

The sum total of all structural levels that together promote life of the whole organism.

Ex. The human body

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12
Q

The 7 basic life processes

A

Distinguishes between living and nonliving things.

  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
  7. Excretion
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13
Q

The body’s survival needs

A

1) nutrients
2) oxygen
3) water
4) normal body temperature
5) normal atmospheric pressure

All must be present in appropriate amounts.

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, in the presence of a changing external environment.

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15
Q

The 3 components of Feedback systems ❓

A

1) Receptor - a sensor that monitors change in the environment.

2) Control center - analyzes the input from receptor and determines the appropriate response.

3) Effector - relays and administers the response.

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16
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity.

Ex. Temperature regulation

17
Q

Positive feedback system

A

Intensifies the original stimulus.

Ex. Intensifying contractions in order to give birth

18
Q

Anatomical position

A

The standard body position where the body is erect with face and feet forward and arms are at the side with palms facing forward.

19
Q

Superior / Inferior

A

Superior = the top half of body

Inferior = the bottom half of body

(Can also be referred to as cranial/caudal in regards to animals)

20
Q

Anterior / Posterior

A

Anterior = front side of body

Posterior = back side of body

(Can also be referred to as ventral/dorsal in regards to animals)

21
Q

Medial / Lateral

A

Medial = closer to the imaginary midline of the body

Lateral = further from the imaginary midline

Ex. The eyes are medial to the ears

22
Q

Superficial / Deep

A

Superficial = closer to the surface of the body (skin)

Deep = closer to the core of the body

Ex) the brain is deep to the skull

23
Q

Proximal / Distal

A

Proximal = closet to the point of attachment.

Distal = further from the point of attachment.

(Only used in the context of limbs)

Ex. The knee is proximal to the ankle

24
Q

Body planes and sections

A

The body can be “cut” along flat surface is known as planes in order to give sections.

(Sections = sagittal, frontal, transverse)

25
Q

Sagittal plane

A

The “cut” produces a left and right side of the object.

(Parasagittal = an unequal cut)

26
Q

Frontal plane

A

The “cut” produces a front and back side of the object.

27
Q

Transverse plane

A

A horizontal “cut” that produces top and bottom sections of the object.

28
Q

Body cavities

A

Spaces within the body that protect, separate and support the internal organs.

Includes:
1) dorsal body cavity
2) ventral body cavity

29
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Includes:
Cranial cavity - contains the brain

Vertebral (spinal) cavity - contains the spinal cord

30
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Includes:

Thoracic cavity - contains heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity - contains digestive system, urinary system, reproductive organs, and rectum)

31
Q

Parietal membrane ‼️

A

Serous membrane that lines the walls of a cavity.

Ex. Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.

32
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Serous membrane that lines the surface of the organ within a cavity.

Ex. Visceral peritoneum lines the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.

33
Q

Prone / Supine

A

Used to describe a body that is laying down. (Usually in the context of a surgical procedure)

Prone = a face down orientation
Supine = face up orientation

34
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane that encloses the pleural cavity; which surrounds the lungs

35
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity; which surrounds the heart.

36
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that encloses the peritoneal cavity; which surround several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity